Intellectual Property

953 Pages·2009·29.41 MB·english

by  David Bainbridge

Seventh Edition
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
DAVID I. BAINBRIDGE
I
N
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‘Without doubt this is the best IP book that there is. Finely balanced and clearly E
written, it is the leading IP authority’ L
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James Griffi n, University of Exeter
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C Seventh Edition
Popular and with clear exposition, Intellectual T INTELLECTUAL
Property Law, is generally regarded as the most U
comprehensive textbook on the subject. Focused
clearly on the needs of undergraduates approaching A
the subject for the fi rst time, it maintains a careful
L
balance between exposition, practical
Visit the Intellectual Property, seventh edition
considerations and theoretical arguments, and
mylawchamber site at P PROPERTY
utilises visual aids throughout in order to assist
www.mylawchamber.co.uk/bainbridgeIP
to access valuable learning material. understanding. R
A clear seven-part structure and colour design aids
O
FOR STUDENTS navigation while new part summaries draw together
the key themes within a topic. Further research P
Do you want to give yourself a head start come and engagement with intellectual property law is
exam time? encouraged through the use of discussion E
DAVID I. BAINBRIDGE
Companion website support questions and guided further reading.
R
• Use the multiple choice, problem and essay
questions to test yourself on each topic Intellectual property is one of the most quickly T
throughout the course. moving of legal subjects. The new edition discusses
Y
• Use the updates to major changes in the law several important recent developments including:
to make sure you are ahead of the game by
knowing the latest developments. • A number of important new cases on software
• Use the live weblinks to help you read more patents in the UK and the European Patent Offi ce;
widely around the subject, and really impress • New cases on non-textual copying and music Seventh Edition
your lecturers. cases involving Procol Harum and the late
Jimi Hendrix;
• Legislative changes, especially in relation to
patents and trade marks. B
A
I
N
David I. Bainbridge is Emeritus Professor of Intellectual Property Law at Aston
B
University and an honorary member of Hardwicke Building, Lincoln’s Inn. R
He has a background in Engineering and Information Technology. I
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INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
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Seventh Edition
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
David I. Bainbridge
BSc,LLB,PhD,Chartered IT Professional,MBCS
Barrister,
Emeritus Professor of Intellectual Property Law,
Aston University.
Honorary Member of Hardwicke Building,
Lincoln’s Inn.
INTP_A01.qxd 8/7/08 9:32 AM Page iv
Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsoned.co.uk
First published under the Pitman Publishing imprint 1992
Seventh edition published 2009
© David I Bainbridge 1992,1994,1996,1999,2002,2007,2009
The right ofDavid I.Bainbridge to be identified as author ofthis work
has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved.No part ofthis publication may be reproduced,stored in
a retrieval system,or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic,
mechanical,photocopying,recording or otherwise,without either the prior
written permission ofthe publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying
in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd,
Saffron House,6–10 Kirby Street,London EC1N 8TS.
ISBN:978-1-4058-5920-2
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bainbridge,David I.
Intellectual property / David I.Bainbridge.– 7th ed.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4058-5920-2
1. Intellectual property – Great Britain. I. Title.
KD1269.B35 2009
346.4104′8–dc22
2008033674
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
13 12 11 10 09
Typeset in 10/11.5pt Minion by 35
Printed by Ashford Colour Press Ltd,Gosport
The publisher’s policy is to use paper manufactured from sustainable forests.
INTP_A01.qxd 8/7/08 9:32 AM Page v
Brief contents
Preface xi 15 Patents – defences,groundless threats and
Table ofcases xii revocation 500
Table oflegislation xxxviii
Glossary liii Part Five
Table ofabbreviations lvii DESIGN LAW
Law reports references,etc. lviii
16 What is a design? 519
Part One 17 Community design and the UK
PRELIMINARY registered design 534
18 The UK unregistered design right 583
1 Introduction 3
Part Six
Part Two
BUSINESS GOODWILL AND REPUTATION
COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS
19 Trade marks – introduction and
2 Background and basic principles 31
background 625
3 Subsistence ofcopyright 39
20 The UK trade mark – registrability,
4 Authorship and ownership ofcopyright 83 surrender,revocation and invalidity,
5 Authors’rights 115 property rights and registration 637
6 Rights,infringement and remedies 140 21 The UK trade mark – rights,infringement,
7 Defences to copyright infringement and limitations and defences,remedies and
the permitted acts 195 criminal offences 708
8 Copyright and computer software 239 22 Community trade mark and the
Madrid System 753
9 Rights in performances 297
23 Passing offand malicious falsehood 771
Part Three
Part Seven
THE LAW OF BREACH OF CONFIDENCE
EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL
10 Law ofbreach ofconfidence 321 PERSPECTIVES ON IPR
24 Freedom ofmovement ofgoods and EC
Part Four
competition law 825
PATENT LAW
25 IPR and conflict oflaws 851
11 Patent law – background,basic principles
and practical aspects 363 Appendix 1 – Trade mark classification
12 Requirements for patentability 396 for goods and services 869
13 Ownership,dealing with patents,safety Appendix 2 – Useful internet addresses for
and security,and Crown use 450 intellectual property information 871
14 Patents – infringement,remedies and Bibliography 873
criminal offences 468 Index 876
v
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Contents
Preface xi Dealing with copyright 99
Table ofcases xii Collecting societies 107
Table oflegislation xxxviii Licensing schemes 108
Glossary liii Compulsory licences and licences as ofright 112
Table ofabbreviations lvii Copyright Tribunal 113
Law reports references,etc. lviii
5 Authors’rights 115
Part One Introduction 115
PRELIMINARY Moral rights 115
Right to be identified as the author or
director ofa work (the ‘paternity right’) 117
1 Introduction 3
Right to object to derogatory treatment of
What is intellectual property law? 3
the work 123
Nature ofintellectual property 10
False attribution ofa work 129
Cross-cutting themes 14
Right to privacy in photographs and films 132
Practical considerations 18
Joint works 133
Commercial exploitation ofintellectual
Duration and transmission on death 133
property 22
Consent and waiver 134
Framework for description ofrights 25
Remedies 135
Moral rights and revived copyright 136
Part Two Artists’resale right 136
COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS
6 Rights,infringement and remedies 140
2 Background and basic principles 31 Rights ofcopyright owners 140
The acts restricted by copyright 140
What is copyright? 31
Authorising infringement ofcopyright 166
Briefhistory 33
Secondary infringements ofcopyright 169
Copyright and its relationship to other
Remedies for infringement ofcopyright 173
intellectual property rights 36
Injunctions 180
Copyright as a means ofexploiting a work 37
Presumptions 186
Criminal offences 188
3 Subsistence of copyright 39
Introduction 39 7 Defences to copyright infringement and the
Original literary,dramatic,musical or permitted acts 195
artistic works 41
Introduction 195
Sound recordings,films or broadcasts 62
Copyright owner authorised or consented
Typographical arrangements ofpublished
to the act 196
editions 66
Acquiescence,delay and estoppel 198
Qualification 68
Public interest 200
Duration ofcopyright 70
Non-derogation from grant 202
Publication right 80
The permitted acts 203
General,including fair dealing 204
4 Authorship and ownership of copyright 83
Visual impairment 213
Introduction 83 Education 216
Authorship 84 Libraries and archives 219
Ownership 89 Public administration 220
vii
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CONTENTS
Computer programs and databases 221 Part Four
Designs,typefaces and works in electronic form 221 PATENT LAW
Miscellaneous – literary,dramatic,musical and
artistic works 222 11 Patent law – background,basic principles
Miscellaneous – other works 223 and practical aspects 363
Adaptations 224
Introduction 363
Statutory licence to use sound recordings in
Briefhistorical perspective 366
broadcasts 225
Justification for patent rights 367
Summary 225
Practical considerations 373
8 Copyright and computer software 239
12 Requirements for patentability 396
Introduction 239
Introduction 396
Copyright protection for computer programs 241
Sufficiency 397
Computer programs – basic position 242
Basic requirements 399
Literal copying ofcomputer programs 245
Novelty 400
Non-literal copying ofcomputer programs 248
Inventive step 412
Making an adaptation 260
Industrial application 425
Permitted acts in relation to computer
Exclusions from patentability 427
programs 261
Exclusions in s 1(2) 427
Computer programming languages 267
Computer programs 431
Databases 268
Exclusions in s 1(3) 444
Computer-generated works 284
Surgery,therapy and diagnosis ofthe human
Circumvention ofprotection measures 286
or animal body 448
Electronic rights management information 290
Satellite broadcasting 291
Scientific discoveries,genetic sequences 13 Ownership,dealing with patents,safety
and formulae 294 and security,and Crown use 450
Introduction 450
9 Rights in performances 297 Ownership ofpatents 450
Introduction 297 Dealing in patents 458
Rights granted by the Copyright,Designs Licences as ofright 459
and Patents Act 1988 as enacted 298 Compulsory licences 461
Rights in performances – present position 299 Safety and security 465
Common ground 301 Crown use 466
Performers’non-property rights 304
Performers’property rights 305 14 Patents – infringement,remedies and
Performers’moral rights 308 criminal offences 468
Recording rights 310 Introduction 468
Transitional provisions and savings 313 Choice ofcourt 469
Offences 313 Non-binding opinions 470
Summary 314 Infringement 472
Interpretation ofclaims 475
Part Three Declaration ofnon-infringement 485
THE LAW OF BREACH OF CONFIDENCE Evidence 486
Title to sue for infringement 488
10 Law of breach of confidence 321 Remedies 488
Assessment ofdamages 494
Introduction 321
Criminal offences 498
Development ofthe law ofbreach ofconfidence 322
The modern law ofbreach ofconfidence 325
15 Patents – defences,groundless threats and
Confidential quality 328
Obligation ofconfidence 340 revocation 500
Unauthorised use 354 Introduction 500
Remedies 356 Defences 500
viii
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CONTENTS
Groundless threats ofinfringement proceedings 506 Tangible form requirement 594
Revocation ofpatents 510 Qualification 594
Exceptions 596
Part Five Duration ofdesign right 603
DESIGN LAW Ownership 605
Assignment and licensing 607
16 What is a design? 519 Rights ofowner and infringement 609
Introduction 519 Exceptions to infringement 612
Briefhistory ofdesign law up to 2001 521 Defences to infringement actions 613
Community design and the UK registered design 522 Remedies 617
Design right 525 Semiconductor topography design right 618
Community design,the UK registered design
and the UK unregistered design right 526 Part Six
UK unregistered design right and copyright 527 BUSINESS GOODWILL AND REPUTATION
Particular examples 529
Ownership – differences between rights 531 19 Trade marks – introduction and background 625
International aspects 533
Introduction 625
Rationale 627
17 Community design and the UK
Briefhistory 628
registered design 534
The Trade Marks Act 1994 629
Introduction 534
The Act,the Directive and the Regulation 631
Community design 535
Hierarchy ofcourts and trade mark offices 632
Requirements for protection (RCD and UCD) 536
Scheme and structure ofthe chapters
Exclusions from the Community design 538
on trade marks 634
Entitlement to a Community design 540
Dealing with the Community design 541
20 The UK trade mark – registrability,surrender,
Rights and infringement 543
revocation and invalidity,property rights and
Limitations and defences 544
registration 637
Remedies 546
Offences 548 Introduction 637
Registration ofCommunity design 549 Registrable trade marks 638
Invalidity and surrender 552 Capable ofdistinguishing 639
Appeals from decisions at the OHIM 555 Graphical representation 641
Jurisdiction 555 Unregistrable signs 648
UK registered design 558 Absolute grounds for refusal or invalidity 649
Briefhistory ofthe UK registered design 558 Relative grounds for refusal 670
Implementation ofthe Directive 559 Certification marks 688
Requirements for registrability 562 Collective marks 689
Registration 571 Surrender ofregistered trade mark 690
Cancellation and invalidity 572 Revocation 690
Duration 573 Invalidity 696
Ownership and dealing with registered designs 574 Trade marks as property 698
Rights ofproprietor 577 Registration 700
Infringement and exceptions 577
21 The UK trade mark – rights,infringement,
Defences 579
limitations and defences,remedies and
Remedies 579
Groundless threats ofinfringement proceedings 580 criminal offences 708
Offences 581 Introduction 708
Crown use and secrecy provisions 582 Rights conferred by registration and
infringement 709
18 The UK unregistered design right 583 Comparative advertising 720
Introduction 583 Applying mark to material,etc. 725
Subsistence ofright 584 Well-known marks – Paris Convention
Originality 587 countries 725
ix