INTEGRATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY FELIX A. FARRET M. GODOY SIMO˜ES A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION INTEGRATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY INTEGRATION OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY FELIX A. FARRET M. GODOY SIMO˜ES A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION Copyright#2006byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved. PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformor byanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptas permittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteithertheprior writtenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeeto theCopyrightClearanceCenter,Inc.,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400, fax(978)750-4470,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermission shouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken, NJ07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineathttp://www.wiley.com/go/permission. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbestefforts inpreparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyor completenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesof merchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublisher norauthorshallbeliableforanylossofprofitoranyothercommercialdamages,includingbutnot limitedtospecial,incidental,consequential,orotherdamages. Forgeneralinformationonourotherproductsandservicesorfortechnicalsupport,pleasecontactour CustomerCareDepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat(317) 572-3993orfax(317)572-4002. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmay notbeavailableinelectronicformats.FormoreinformationaboutWileyproducts,visitourwebsiteat www.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: Farret,FelixA. Integrationofalternativesourcesofenergy/byFelixA.Farret,M.GodoySimo˜es. p.cm. ‘‘AWiley-Intersciencepublication.’’ Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN-13:978-0-471-71232-9 ISBN-10:0-471-71232-9 [1.Powerresources.2.Renewableenergysources.]I.Simo˜es,MarceloGodoy.II.Title. TJ163.2.F372006 621.042–dc22 2005048975 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10987654321 To Alzira and Fares Farret, Mary and John Hilliard, Gerry, Matheus, and Patrick, with whom I have learned and to whom I owe so much. F.A.F. For the next generation, to which Ahriel and Lira belong. Hopefully, it will be powered by renewable energy. M.G.S. CONTENTS CONTRIBUTORS xvii FOREWORD xix PREFACE xxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxiii ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxv 1 ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Renewable Sources of Energy 2 1.3 Renewable Energy Versus Alternative Energy 4 1.4 Planning and Development of Integrated Energy 8 1.4.1 Grid-Supplied Electricity 9 1.4.2 Load 10 1.4.3 Distributed Generation 10 1.5 Renewable Energy Economics 11 1.5.1 Calculation of Electricity Generation Costs 12 1.6 European Targets for Renewables 14 1.6.1 Demand-Side Management Options 15 1.6.2 Supply-Side Management Options 16 1.7 Integration of Renewable Energy Sources 19 1.7.1 Integration of Renewable Energy in the United States 20 1.7.2 Energy Recovery Time 21 1.7.3 Sustainability 23 1.8 Modern Electronic Controls of Power Systems 26 References 27 vii
Description: