Integrating Human Factors Methods and Systems Thinking for Transport Analysis and Design PDF
Preview Integrating Human Factors Methods and Systems Thinking for Transport Analysis and Design
Integrating Human Factors Methods and Systems Thinking for Transport Analysis and Design Human Factors of Simulation and Assessment Series Editors: Dr. Michael G. Lenné Monash University Accident Research Centre, Australia & Dr. Mark Young Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, UK Increasing Motorcycle Conspicuity: Design and Assessment of Interventions to Enhance Rider Safety Lars Rößger, Michael G. Lenné, and Geoff Underwood ISBN 9781472411129 hardcover • (2015) ISBN 9781138747647 paperback • (2017) Integrating Human Factors Methods and Systems Thinking for Transport Analysis and Design Gemma J. M. Read, Vanessa Beanland, Michael G. Lenné, Neville A. Stanton, and Paul M. Salmon ISBN 9781409463191 • (2017) Simulators for Transportation Human Factors: Research and Practice Mark S. Young and Michael G. Lenné ISBN 9781472411433 • (2017) Human Factors of Simulation and Assessment Series Editors: Integrating Human Factors Dr. Michael G. Lenné Monash University Accident Research Centre, Australia & Methods and Systems Dr. Mark Young Loughborough Design School, Loughborough University, UK Thinking for Transport Increasing Motorcycle Conspicuity: Design and Assessment of Interventions to Analysis and Design Enhance Rider Safety Lars Rößger, Michael G. Lenné, and Geoff Underwood ISBN 9781472411129 hardcover • (2015) ISBN 9781138747647 paperback • (2017) Integrating Human Factors Methods and Systems Thinking for Transport Analysis and Design Gemma J. M. Read, Vanessa Beanland, Michael G. Lenné, Neville A. Stanton, and Paul M. Salmon ISBN 9781409463191 • (2017) Gemma J. M. Read Simulators for Transportation Human Factors: Research and Practice Vanessa Beanland Mark S. Young and Michael G. Lenné Michael G. Lenné ISBN 9781472411433 • (2017) Neville A. Stanton Paul M. Salmon CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-1387-4923-8 (Paperback) International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4094-6319-1 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Read, Gemma J. M., author. Title: Integrating human factors methods and systems thinking for transport analysis and design / Gemma J.M. Read, Vanessa Beanland, Michael G. Lenné, Neville A. Stanton, Paul M. Salmon. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017. | Series: Human factors of simulation and assessment | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2017002249| ISBN 9781409463191 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315589022 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Highway-railroad grade crossings--Safety measures. | Roads--Design and construction--Human factors. | Traffic signs and signals. | Automobile drivers--Psychology. | Railroad accidents--Prevention. | Traffic accidents--Prevention. Classification: LCC TF263 .R43 2017 | DDC 388.3/122--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017002249 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Dedication Printed on acid-free paper International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4094-6319-1 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts For our colleagues Tom and Eric, and for all those who have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have been affected by crashes at rail level crossings have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Read, Gemma J. M., author. Title: Integrating human factors methods and systems thinking for transport analysis and design / Gemma J.M. Read, Vanessa Beanland, Michael G. Lenné, Neville A. Stanton, Paul M. Salmon. Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017. | Series: Human factors of simulation and assessment | Includes bibliographical references. Identifiers: LCCN 2017002249| ISBN 9781409463191 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781315589022 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Highway-railroad grade crossings--Safety measures. | Roads--Design and construction--Human factors. | Traffic signs and signals. | Automobile drivers--Psychology. | Railroad accidents--Prevention. | Traffic accidents--Prevention. Classification: LCC TF263 .R43 2017 | DDC 388.3/122--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017002249 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface......................................................................................................................xv Acknowledgements .................................................................................................xix About the Authors ...................................................................................................xxi Section i introduction to the Research Approach Chapter 1 Systems Thinking in Transport Analysis and Design ..........................3 1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................3 1.1.1 Systems Thinking and Rail Level Crossings ...............4 1.2 Understanding the Systems Thinking Approach ......................5 1.2.1 Rasmussen’s Framework ..............................................6 1.2.2 Sociotechnical Systems Theory ...................................7 1.3 How Does STS and the Systems Thinking Approach Apply to Rail Level Crossing Collisions? .................................8 1.3.1 The Rail Level Crossing System ..................................8 1.3.2 Rasmussen’s Accident Causation Tenets ......................8 1.4 Systems Thinking Applied: The Crash at Kerang ..................11 1.4.1 The Individual Perspective .........................................13 1.4.2 A Systems Perspective on Kerang ..............................13 1.5 Summary .................................................................................16 Chapter 2 An Overview of Key Human Factors Approaches and Methods .......19 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................19 2.2 Data Collection Methods for Understanding Human Performance ................................................................20 2.2.1 Observation ................................................................20 2.2.2 Vehicle Measures .......................................................20 2.2.3 Eye Tracking...............................................................24 2.2.4 Verbal Protocol Analysis ............................................25 2.2.5 Cognitive Task Analysis Interviews ...........................25 2.2.6 Workload ....................................................................27 2.2.7 Usability and Subjective Preference Measures ..........28 2.3 Data Collection Methods for Understanding System Performance ................................................................28 2.3.1 Document Review and Analysis ................................29 2.3.2 Input from Subject-Matter Experts ............................29 2.4 Systems-Focussed Analysis Methods ......................................30 2.4.1 Network Analysis .......................................................30 2.4.2 Hierarchical Task Analysis ........................................32 vii viii Contents 2.4.3 Systematic Human Error Reduction and Prediction Approach ...................................................33 2.4.4 Cognitive Work Analysis ...........................................33 2.5 Human Factors Design Methods .............................................34 2.5.1 Scenarios and Stories .................................................34 2.5.2 Personas ......................................................................35 2.5.3 Inspiration Cards ........................................................35 2.5.4 Assumption Crushing .................................................36 2.5.5 Metaphors and Analogies ...........................................36 2.6 Summary .................................................................................36 Chapter 3 An Integrated Framework for Transport Analysis and Design ..........37 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................37 3.2 A Research Programme Underpinned by Sociotechnical Systems Theory .......................................................................37 3.3 The Research Framework ........................................................43 3.3.1 Phase 1 – Data Collection ..........................................44 3.3.2 Phase 2 – Existing Systems Analysis .........................45 3.3.3 Phase 3 – Development of Novel Designs ..................45 3.3.4 Phase 4 – Evaluation of Designs ................................47 3.4 Summary .................................................................................47 Section ii Rail Level crossing Data collection and Analysis Chapter 4 Understanding the Factors Influencing User Behaviour ....................51 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................51 4.2 On-Road Studies ......................................................................53 4.2.1 Participants .................................................................54 4.2.2 Instrumented Vehicle .................................................54 4.2.3 Test Routes .................................................................54 4.2.4 Data Collection Procedure .........................................54 4.2.5 Data Sources ...............................................................56 4.2.6 Key Findings ..............................................................57 4.2.6.1 Urban Rail Level Crossings ........................57 4.2.6.2 Rural Rail Level Crossings .........................58 4.3 Cognitive Task Analysis Interviews ........................................60 4.3.1 Interview Procedure ...................................................61 4.3.2 Data Analysis .............................................................63 4.3.3 Key Findings ..............................................................63 4.3.3.1 Novice versus Experienced Drivers ............64 4.3.3.2 Urban versus Rural Environments ..............64 Contents ix 4.4 Diary Study .............................................................................65 4.4.1 Participants .................................................................65 4.4.2 Survey Format and Content ........................................66 4.4.3 Key Findings ..............................................................66 4.4.3.1 Predictors of Non-Compliant Behaviour ....67 4.4.3.2 Differences between Road Users ................67 4.5 Input from Subject-Matter Experts ..........................................68 4.5.1 Key Findings ..............................................................68 4.5.1.1 Monitoring Infrastructure ...........................68 4.5.1.2 Monitoring Road Users ...............................69 4.5.1.3 Route Knowledge ........................................69 4.6 Summary .................................................................................70 Chapter 5 A Systems Analysis of Rail Level Crossings .....................................71 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................71 5.2 CWA of Rail Level Crossing Systems .....................................72 5.2.1 Analysis Approach .....................................................72 5.2.2 Work Domain Analysis ..............................................72 5.2.3 Control Task Analysis ................................................78 5.2.3.1 Contextual Activity Template .....................78 5.2.3.2 Decision Ladders ........................................81 5.2.4 Strategies Analysis .....................................................83 5.2.5 Social Organisation and Cooperation Analysis .........86 5.2.6 Summary of Findings from CWA ..............................89 5.3 HTA of Rail Level Crossing Systems ......................................90 5.3.1 Analysis Approach .....................................................91 5.3.2 HTA of Rail Level Crossings .....................................91 5.4 SHERPA of Rail Level Crossing Systems ..............................94 5.4.1 Analysis Approach .....................................................94 5.4.2 SHERPA Analysis of Rail Level Crossings ...............96 5.5 Summary .................................................................................96 Section iii Design of new Rail Level crossing environments Chapter 6 A Participatory Approach to Designing Rail Level Crossings .........101 6.1 Introduction ...........................................................................101 6.2 Philosophy Underpinning the CWA-DT ...............................101 6.2.1 Contrasting Sociotechnical Systems Theory and Traditional Safety Management Approaches ....105
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