Integrated Science

789 Pages·2012·75.777 MB·English

by  Bill W. Tillery, Eldon D. Enger, Frederick C. Ross

SIXTH
EDITION
On the Cover
Humans are greatly affected by their environment while, in turn, they have a daily impact on the
world around them. You will consider this cyclical relationship through your study of Integrated
Science as you discover concepts in physics, chemistry, geology, astronomy, and biology.
I
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Laboratory Manual
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The Laboratory Manual to accompany Integrated Science, written by the authors of the text,
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presents a selection of laboratory exercises specifi cally written for the interest and abilities of
non-science majors.
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The Laboratory Manual features. . . R S I X T H E D I T I O N
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C ustom publishing options through McGraw-Hill CreateTM, which allow the manual to be
tailored to course needs
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Invitations to Inquiry, which provide opportunities for critical thinking E
Laboratory exercises designed for a more structured learning environment that require D
INTEGR ATED
measurement and data analysis

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A lternative, open-ended exercises
C SCIENCE
When the Laboratory Manual is used with the Integrated Science textbook, students will have
an opportunity to master basic scientifi c principles and concepts, understand the nature of scientifi c
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inquiry from a hands-on perspective, and learn new problem-solving and thinking skills. An
Instructor’s Edition Lab Manual is also available on the Integrated Science companion website. E
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McGraw-Hill’s Connect Physical Science
McGraw-Hill Connect Physical Science is a web-based assignment C
and assessment platform that gives students the means to better
connect with their coursework, with their instructors, and with E M
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the important concepts that they will need to know for success now and in the future. With D
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Connect Physical Science, instructors can deliver assignments, quizzes and tests easily online.
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BILL W. TILLERY I
Students can practice important skills at their own pace and on their own schedule. M
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Integ rated
SSCCII EEENNCCEE
Sixth Edition
Bill W. Tillery
A rizona State University
Eldon D. Enger
Delta College
Frederick C. Ross
Delta College
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I NTEGRATED SCIENCE, SIXTH EDITION
P ublished by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas,
New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Previous
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S ome ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the
United States.
T his book is printed on acid-free paper containing 10% postconsumer waste.
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ISBN 978-0-07-351225-9
MHID 0-07-351225-7
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
T illery, Bill W.
I ntegrated science / Bill W. Tillery, Eldon D. Enger, Frederick C. Ross.—6th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
I SBN 978-0-07-351225-9 (alk. paper)
1 . Science—Textbooks. I. Enger, Eldon D. II. Ross, Frederick C. III. Title.
Q161.2.T54 2013
500—dc23
2011045420
www.mhhe.com
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Contents
Preface ix 2.4 Horizontal Motion On Land 31
2.5 Falling Objects 33
CHAPTER
A Closer Look: A Bicycle Racer’s Edge 33
4
2.6 Compound Motion 35
CHAPTER Vertical Projectiles 35
1
Horizontal Projectiles 35
2.7 Three Laws of Motion 36
Heat and Temperature 75
Newton’s First Law of Motion 37
Newton’s Second Law of Motion 38 Outline 75
What is Science? 1
Weight and Mass 40 4.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory 76
Outline 1 Newton’s Third Law of Motion 41 Molecules 77
1.1 Objects and Properties 2 2.8 Momentum 42 Molecules Interact 77
1.2 Quantifying Properties 4 Conservation of Momentum 42 Phases of Matter 77
1.3 Measurement Systems 4 Impulse 43 Molecules Move 78
1.4 S tandard Units for the Metric System 5 2.9 Forces and Circular Motion 44 4.2 Temperature 79
Length 6 2.10 Newton’s Law of Gravitation 45 Thermometers 79
Mass 6 People Behind the Science: Isaac Thermometer Scales 80
Time 6 Newton 47 4.3 Heat 82
1.5 Metric Prefixes 6 Earth Satellites 48 Heat As Energy Transfer 83
1.6 U nderstandings from Measurements 7 Weightlessness 49 Measures of Heat 83
Data 7 A Closer Look: Gravity Problems 49 Specific Heat 84
Ratios and Generalizations 8 Heat Flow 86
The Density Ratio 8 4.4 E nergy, Heat, and Molecular Theory 88
Symbols and Equations 10 A Closer Look: Passive Solar Design 88
1.7 The Nature of Science 12 CHAPTER Phase Change 89
The Scientific Method 12 3 Evaporation and Condensation 92
Explanations and Investigations 13 Relative Humidity 93
Scientific Laws 14 4.5 Thermodynamics 94
Models and Theories 15 The First Law of Thermodynamics 95
Energy 54
1.8 Science, Nonscience,And The Second Law of
Pseudoscience 15 Outline 54 Thermodynamics 95
From Experimentation To 3.1 Work 55 The Second Law and Natural
Application 17 Units of Work 56 Processes 96
Science and Nonscience 17 A Closer Look: Simple Machines 57 People Behind the Science: Count Rumford
Pseudoscience 18 Power 58 (Benjamin Thompson) 98
People Behind the Science: Florence 3.2 Motion, Position, and Energy 60
Bascom 20 Potential Energy 60
Limitations of Science 20 Kinetic Energy 61
CHAPTER
3.3 Energy Flow 62
5
Energy Forms 62
Energy Conversion 64
CHAPTER
Energy Conservation 65
2
Energy Transfer 66
Wave Motions and Sound 103
3.4 Energy Sources Today 66
Petroleum 67 Outline 103
Coal 67 5.1 Forces and Elastic Materials 104
Motion 24
People Behind the Science: James Prescott Forces and Vibrations 104
Outline 24 Joule 68 Describing Vibrations 105
2.1 Describing Motion 25 Moving Water 68 5.2 Waves 106
2.2 Measuring Motion 26 Nuclear 68 Kinds of Waves 107
Speed 26 Conserving Energy 69 Waves In Air 107
Velocity 27 3.5 Energy Tomorrow 70 Hearing Waves In Air 108
Acceleration 28 Solar Technologies 70 5.3 Describing Waves 110
2.3 Forces 29 Geothermal Energy 71 5.4 Sound Waves 111
Hydrogen 71 Velocity of Sound In Air 111
iii
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A Closer Look: Hearing Problems 111 7.4 Evidence for Particles 168 Decomposition Reactions 215
Refraction and Reflection 112 Photoelectric Effect 168 Replacement Reactions 216
Interference 114 Quantization of Energy 169 Ion Exchange Reactions 216
5.5 Energy and Sound 115 7.5 The Present Theory 170 People Behind the Science: Linus Carl
Loudness 115 7.6 Relativity 170 Pauling 218
Resonance 116 A Closer Look: The Compact Disc (CD) 171
5.6 Sources of Sounds 117 Special Relativity 172
Vibrating Strings 118 General Relativity 172
Sounds from Moving Sources 119 Relativity Theory Applied 173 CHAPTER
10
People Behind the Science: Johann Christian People Behind the Science: James Clerk
Doppler 119 Maxwell 173
Water and Solutions 223
CHAPTER CHAPTER
Outline 223
6 8
10.1 Household Water 224
10.2 Properties of Water 225
Structure of the Water Molecule 226
The Dissolving Process 227
Electricity 125 Atoms and Periodic
A Closer Look: Decompression
Properties 178
Outline 125 Sickness 228
6.1 Electric Charge 126 Outline 178 Solubility 228
Measuring Electric Charge 128 8.1 Atomic Structure Discovered 179 10.3 Properties of Water Solutions 229
Measuring Electric Force 128 Discovery of the Electron 180 Electrolytes 229
6.2 Electric Current 129 The Nucleus 181 Boiling Point 230
Resistance 130 8.2 The Bohr Model 183 Freezing Point 231
A Closer Look: Hydrogen and Fuel Cells 131 The Quantum Concept 183 10.4 Acids, Bases, and Salts 231
AC and DC 132 Atomic Spectra 183 Properties of Acids and Bases 232
6.3 The Electric Circuit 132 Bohr’s Theory 184 Explaining Acid-Base Properties 233
People Behind the Science: Benjamin 8.3 Quantum Mechanics 186 Strong and Weak Acids and
Franklin (1706–1790) 133 8.4 The Periodic Table 188 Bases 234
6.4 Electric Power and Work 134 8.5 M etals, Nonmetals, and The pH Scale 234
A Closer Look: Household Circuits and Semiconductors 190 Properties of Salts 235
Safety 136 A Closer Look: The Rare Hard and Soft Water 235
6.5 Magnetism 137 Earths 191 A Closer Look: Acid Rain 237
Moving Charges and Magnetic People Behind the Science: Dmitri People Behind the Science: Johannes
Fields 140 Ivanovich 193 Nicolaus Brönsted 238
Magnetic Fields Interact 141
A Moving Magnet Produces an Electric
Field 142
A Closer Look: Solar Cells 147 CHAPTER CHAPTER
9 11
CHAPTER
7 Chemical Reactions 197 Nuclear Reactions 241
Outline 197 Outline 241
9.1 Compounds 198 11.1 Natural Radioactivity 242
9.2 Elements 200 Nuclear Equations 243
Light 152
9.3 Chemical Change 200 The Nature of the Nucleus 244
Outline 152 9.4 Valence Electrons and Ions 202 Types of Radioactive Decay 246
7.1 Sources of Light 153 9.5 Chemical Bonds 203 Radioactive Decay Series 247
7.2 Properties of Light 156 Ionic Bonds 204 11.2 Measurement of Radiation 249
Light Interacts With Matter 156 Covalent Bonds 205 A Closer Look: How is Half-Life
Reflection 157 A Closer Look: Name That Compound 208 Determined? 249
Refraction 158 9.6 Composition of Compounds 209 Measurement Methods 250
A Closer Look: Optics 161 9.7 Chemical Equations 210 Radiation Units 250
Dispersion and Color 163 A Closer Look: How to Write a Chemical Radiation Exposure 251
7.3 Evidence for Waves 164 Formula 211 11.3 Nuclear Energy 251
Interference 164 A Closer Look: On Balancing Equations 213 Nuclear Fission 252
Polarization 165 9.8 Types of Chemical Reactions 214
A Closer Look: The Rainbow 167 Combination Reactions 215
iv Contents
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Nuclear Power Plants 253 People Behind the Science: CHAPTER
Nuclear Fusion 256 Percival Lowell 305 16
A Closer Look: Three Mile island, Chernobyl,
and Fukushima I 257
A Closer Look: Nuclear Waste 259
People Behind the Science: Marie CHAPTER Earth’s Surface 351
14
Curie 260 Outline 351
16.1 Interpreting Earth’s Surface 352
16.2 Processes That Build Up the
Earth In Space 308 Surface 353
CHAPTER
Stress and Strain 353
12
Outline 308 Folding 354
14.1 Shape and Size of Earth 309 Faulting 356
14.2 Motions of Earth 311 16.3 Earthquakes 357
A Closer Look: The Celestial Sphere 311 A Closer Look: Some Recent Earthquakes 360
The Universe 265
Revolution 312 16.4 Origin of Mountains 360
Outline 265 Rotation 313 A Closer Look: Volcanoes Change the
12.1 The Night Sky 266 Precession 314 World 361
12.2 Origin of Stars 267 14.3 Place and Time 315 16.5 P rocesses That Tear Down the
12.3 Brightness of Stars 268 Identifying Place 315 Surface 363
12.4 Star Temperature 268 Measuring Time 316 Weathering 363
12.5 Star Types 269 14.4 The Earth-Moon System 321 Erosion 366
12.6 The Life of A Star 271 Phases of the Moon 322 People Behind the Science: James
12.7 Galaxies 273 Eclipses of the Sun and Moon 323 Hutton 371
The Milky Way Galaxy 274 Tides 324
Other Galaxies 274 People Behind the Science: Carl Edward
The Life of A Galaxy 276 Sagan 325
A Closer Look: Extraterrestrials? 277 CHAPTER
A Closer Look: Redshift and Hubble’s Law 278 17
A Closer Look: Dark Matter 279
People Behind the Science: Jocelyn CHAPTER
15
(Susan) Bell Burnell 281
Earth’s Weather 375
Outline 375
Earth 329 17.1 The Atmosphere 376
CHAPTER
Composition of the Atmosphere 377
13
Outline 329 Atmospheric Pressure 378
15.1 Earth Materials 330 Warming the Atmosphere 379
Minerals 330 Structure of the Atmosphere 379
The Solar System 285 Rocks 333 A Closer Look: Hole In the Ozone Layer? 380
A Closer Look: Asbestos 334 17.2 The Winds 381
Outline 285 The Rock Cycle 337 Local Wind Patterns 381
13.1 Planets, Moons, and Other 15.2 Earth’s Interior 337 A Closer Look: The Wind Chill Factor 382
Bodies 286 The Crust 338 Global Wind Patterns 383
Mercury 287 The Mantle 338 17.3 Water and the Atmosphere 385
Venus 289 The Core 339 Evaporation and Condensation 385
Earth’s Moon 290 A More Detailed Structure 340 Fog and Clouds 388
Mars 292 15.3 Plate Tectonics 340 Precipitation 391
Jupiter 294 Evidence from Earth’s Magnetic 17.4 Weather Producers 391
A Closer Look: Planets and Astrology 295 Field 341 Air Masses 392
Saturn 297 Evidence from the Ocean 341 Weather Fronts 393
Uranus and Neptune 299 Lithosphere Plates and Boundaries 343 Waves and Cyclones 395
13.2 Small Bodies of the Solar System 300 Present-Day Understandings 345 Major Storms 396
Comets 300 A Closer Look: Seismic Tomography 346 17.5 Weather Forecasting 400
Asteroids 301 A Closer Look: Measuring Plate 17.6 Climate 401
Meteors and Meteorites 302 Movement 346 Major Climate Groups 401
13.3 Origin of the Solar System 303 People Behind the Science: Frederick John A Closer Look: El Niño and La Niña 404
Stage A 304 Vine 348 Regional Climatic Influence 405
Stage B 304 People Behind the Science: Vilhelm Firman
Stage C 304 Koren Bjerknes 406
Contents v
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Climate Change 406 Carbohydrates 449 CHAPTER
Causes of Global Climate Change 407 Proteins 451 21
Global Warming 409 A Closer Look: So You Don’t Eat Meat! How To
Stay Healthy 451
Nucleic Acids 454
The Origin and Evolution of
Lipids 456
A Closer Look: Omega Fatty Acids and Your Life 496
CHAPTER
Diet 459
18 Outline 496
A Closer Look: Fat and Your Diet 460
Part I How Did Life Originate? 498
21.1 E arly Attempts To Understand the
Origin of Life 498
Earth’s Waters 413 21.2 C urrent Thinking About the Origin of
Outline 413 CHAPTER Life 499
20 Extraterrestrial Or Earth Origin? 499
18.1 Water On Earth 414
Meeting Metabolic Needs 500
Freshwater 415
Summary of Ideas About the Origin of
Surface Water 416
Life 501
Groundwater 417
The Nature of Living 21.3 M ajor Events In the Early Evolution of
Freshwater As A Resource 417
18.2 Seawater 419 Things 464 Living Things 502
Reproduction and the Origin of Genetic
A Closer Look Wastewater Treatment 420
Outline 464 Material 502
Oceans and Seas 421
Part I the Characteristics of Life 465 The Development of an Oxidizing
The Nature of Seawater 422
20.1 What Makes Something Alive? 465 Atmosphere 502
Movement of Seawater 424
20.2 The Cell Theory 467 The Establishment of Three Major
A Closer Look: Rogue Waves 427
20.3 Cell Membranes 470 Domains of Life 503
18.3 The Ocean Floor 429
People Behind the Science: Matthias Jakob The Endosymbiotic Theory and the
A Closer Look: Key Forecasting Tool for the
Schleiden and Theodor Schwann 470 Origin of Eukaryotic Cells 503
Chesapeake Bay 430
20.4 Getting Through Membranes 472 A Summary of the Early Evolution of
People Behind the Science: Rachel Louise
Diffusion 472 Life 504
Carson 431
Osmosis 473 Part II The Process of Evolution 504
Controlled Methods of Transporting 21.4 T he Development of Evolutionary
Molecules 475 Thought 504
CHAPTER 20.5 O rganelles Composed of 21.5 Evolution and Natural Selection 506
19 Membranes 478 Defining Evolution 506
20.6 Nonmembranous Organelles 481 The Role of the Environment In
20.7 Nuclear Components 482 Evolution 506
20.8 Major Cell Types 482 Natural Selection Leads To
Organic and Biochemistry 434 The Prokaryotic Cell Structure 482 Evolution 507
The Eukaryotic Cell Structure 483 21.6 G enetic Diversity is Important for
Outline 434 A Closer Look: How We Are Related 483 Natural Selection 507
Part I the Nature of Organic A Closer Look: Antibiotics and Cell Structural A Closer Look The Voyage of HMS Beagle,
Compounds 436 Differences 484 1831–1836 508
19.1 Organic Chemistry 436
Part II Energy Transformations in Genetic Diversity Resulting from
19.2 Hydrocarbons 436
Cells 484 Mutation 509
People Behind the Science: Roy J.
20.9 Respiration and Photosynthesis 484 Genetic Diversity Resulting from Sexual
Plunkett 437
The Energy Transfer Molecules of Living Reproduction 509
Hydrocarbons With Double Or Triple Things—Atp 485 21.7 P rocesses That Drive Natural
Bonds 438 Aerobic Cellular Respiration 486 Selection 510
Hydrocarbons That Form Rings 439 Photosynthesis 487 Differential Survival 510
19.3 Petroleum 439 Part III Cellular Reproduction 489 Differential Reproductive Rates 511
19.4 Hydrocarbon Derivatives 441 20.10 The Importance of Cell Division 489 Differential Mate Selection 512
Functional Groups Generate A Closer Look: Stem Cells 489 21.8 A cquired Characteristics Do Not
Variety 442
20.11 The Cell Cycle 490 Influence Natural Selection 512
19.5 Synthetic Polymers 446
20.12 The Stages of Mitosis 490 21.9 The Hardy-Weinberg Concept 513
A Closer Look: Nonpersistent and Persistent
Prophase 490 21.10 A ccumulating Evidence of
Organic Pollutants 448
Metaphase 491 Evolution 513
Part II Organic Compounds of Life 449 Anaphase 491 Part III Speciation 515
19.6 Organisms and Their Telophase 492 21.11 Species: A Working Definition 515
Macromolecules 449
A Closer Look: The Reemerging of Infectious
Diseases 515
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21.12 How New Species Originate 518 22.6 P aleontology, Archaeology, and Human The Phosphorus Cycle 582
A Closer Look: Human-Designed Evolution 553 Nutrient Cycles and Geologic Time 584
Organisms 518 A Closer Look: Another Piece of the Human Bioaccumulation and
The Role of Geographic isolation In Evolution Puzzle Unearthed? 555 Biomagnification 584
Speciation 519 Ardipithecus and Other Early A Closer Look: Scientists Accumulate
A Closer Look: Other Mechanisms That Hominins 556 Knowledge About Climate Change 585
Cause Evolution 519 The Genera Australopithecus and 23.10 Population Characteristics 586
People Behind the Science: Ernst Mayr 520 Paranthropus 557 Genetic Differences 586
The Role of Natural Selection In The Genus Homo 557 Age Structure 586
Speciation 520 Where Did It All Start? 557 Sex Ratio 589
Reproductive isolation 521 Population Density 589
Speciation Without isolation 521 23.11 T he Population Growth Curve 589
21.13 The Tentative Nature of the 23.12 Population-Size Limitations 590
Evolutionary History of CHAPTER 23.13 L imiting Factors To Human
23
Organisms 521 Population Growth 591
23.14 Human Population Growth and the
Global Ecosystem 592
Ecology and Environment 562
CHAPTER
Outline 562
22 CHAPTER
23.1 A Definition of Environment 563
24
23.2 T he Organization of Ecological
Systems 564
People Behind the Science: Dr. Jane
The History of Life On
Lubchenco 565
Human Biology: Materials
Earth 525
23.3 Energy Flow In Ecosystems 566
Exchange and Control
Outline 525 23.4 Community Interactions 568
23.5 T ypes of Terrestrial Communities 569 Mechanisms 597
Part I Kinds of Organisms 526
Temperate Deciduous Forest 570
22.1 The Classification of Organisms 526 Outline 597
Temperate Grassland Or Prairie 570
The Problem With Common
24.1 Homeostasis 598
Savanna 570
Names 526
24.2 E xchanging Materials: Basic
Desert 570
Taxonomy 527
Principles 598
Boreal Coniferous Forest 571
Phylogeny 528
24.3 T ransporting Materials: the Circulatory
Mediterranean Shrublands
22.2 A Brief Survey of Biodiversity 531
System 599
(Chaparral) 571
Domains Bacteria and Archaea 531
The Nature of Blood 599
A Closer Look: Cladistics—A Tool for Temperate Rainforest 571
The Heart 600
Taxonomy and Phylogeny 533 Tundra 572
Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries 602
Tropical Rainforest 572
Domain Eucarya 534 24.4 Skin: the Body’s Container 604
A Closer Look: The World’s Oldest and Largest Tropical Dry Forest 572
Primary Functions of the Skin 604
Living Organisms 538 23.6 Types of Aquatic Communities 572
The Structure of the Skin 605
People Behind the Science: Lynn (Alexander) Marine Communities 573
Other Features of the Skin 605
Margulis 539 Freshwater Communities 573
24.5 E xchanging Gases: the Respiratory
Estuaries 574
22.3 Acellular Infectious Particles 539 System 606
23.7 I ndividual Species Requirements:
Viruses 539 Structure and Function of Lungs 606
Habitat and Niche 575
Viroids: Infectious Rna 540 The Mechanism of Breathing 607
Habitat 575
Prions: Infectious Proteins 540 A Closer Look: Cigarette Smoking and Your
Niche 575
Part II The Geologic History of Earth 541 Health 607
A Closer Look: The Importance of Habitat
22.4 Geologic Time 541
Homeostasis and Breathing 608
Size 575
Early Attempts At Earth Dating 541
24.6 O btaining Nutrients: the Digestive
A Closer Look: Alien Invasion 576
Modern Techniques for Determining the
System 608
Age of Earth 541 23.8 Kinds of Organism Interactions 577
Processing Food 608
Interpreting the Geologic Record 542 Predation 577 People Behind the Science: Henry Molaison
22.5 Geologic Time and the Fossil Parasitism 577 and William Beecher Scoville 609
Record 543 Commensalism 579
Nutrient Uptake 610
Early Ideas About Fossils 543 Mutualism 579
24.7 Nutrition 610
Types of Fossils 545 Competition 580
Kinds of Nutrients 610
A Closer Look: What is Carbon-14 Competition and Natural Selection 580
Guidelines for Obtaining Adequate
Dating? 547 23.9 T he Cycling of Materials In
Nutrients 612
Ecosystems 581
Using Fossils To Determine the Order of A Closer Look: Body Mass Index 614
The Carbon Cycle 581
Geologic Events 548 A Closer Look: The Dynamic Skeleton 617
The Nitrogen Cycle 581
The Geologic Time Scale 549
Contents vii
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Your Health and Body Weight 618 25.7 Oogenesis 649 A Closer Look: Blame That Trait On Your
A Closer Look: Exercise: More Than Just Hormonal Control of Female Sexual Mother! 673
Maintaining Your Weight 620 Cycles 651 Polygenic Inheritance 674
24.8 W aste Disposal: the Excretory 25.8 Hormonal Control of Fertility 651 Pleiotropy 674
System 621 25.9 F ertilization, Pregnancy, and Environmental Influences On Gene
24.9 Control Mechanisms 622 Birth 651 Expression 676
The Structure of the Nervous Twins 654 Epigenetics and Gene Expression 677
System 623 People Behind the Science: Robert Geoffrey Part II the Molecular Basis of
The Nature of the Nerve Impulse 623 Edwards and Patrick Christopher Genetics 678
Activities At the Synapse 625 Steptoe 655 26.7 The Central Dogma 678
Endocrine System Function 625 Birth 655 The Structure of DNA and RNA 678
24.10 Sensory Input 626 25.10 Contraception 657 DNA Replication 679
Chemical Detection 626 Chemical Methods 657 DNA Transcription 682
Light Detection 627 Hormonal Control Methods 657 A Closer Look: Basic Steps of Translation 683
Sound Detection 628 Timing Method 658 Translation Or Protein Synthesis 685
Touch 629 Barrier Methods 658 Alterations of DNA 686
24.11 Output Mechanisms 629 A Closer Look: Sexually Transmitted 26.8 Using DNA To Our Advantage 686
Muscles 629 Diseases 659 Strategy One: Genetic Modification of
Glands 630 Surgical Methods 660 Organisms 686
Growth Responses 630 25.11 Termination of Pregnancy 661 Strategy Two: Sequencing 689
A Closer Look: Which Type of Exercise Do You 25.12 C hanges In Sexual Function With APPENDIX A Mathematical Review 698
Do? 631 Age 661 A.1 Working With Equations 698
A.2 Significant Figures 700
A.3 Conversion of Units 701
CHAPTER
A.4 Scientific Notation 702
CHAPTER 26
25 APPENDIX B Solubilities Chart 704
APPENDIX C Relative Humidity Table
APPENDIX D Problem Solving 706
Mendelian and Molecular
Example Problem 707
Human Biology:
Genetics 665
Solution 707
Reproduction 635
Tips On Taking A Multiple-Choice
Part I Mendelian Genetics Updated 666
Outline 635 26.1 Genetics, Meiosis, and Cells 666 Exam 707
25.1 Sexual Reproduction 636 26.2 Single-Gene Inheritance Patterns 667 APPENDIX E Solutions for Second
25.2 The Mechanics of Meiosis 638 26.3 A Simple Model of Inheritance— Example Exercises 708
25.3 H uman Sexuality from Different Points Dominant and Recessive Alleles 668 APPENDIX F Answers for Applying the
of View 639 A Closer Look: Geneticists Hard at Work 668 Concepts 712
A Closer Look The Sexuality Spectrum 640 26.4 Mendel’s Laws of Heredity 669
APPENDIX G Solutions for Group A
25.4 C hromosomal Determination of Sex People Behind the Science: Gregor Johann
Parallel Exercises 713
and Early Development 641 Mendel 670
Chromosomal Abnormalities and Sexual 26.5 S teps In Solving Heredity Problems: Glossary 722
Development 641 Single-Factor Crosses 670 Credits 741
A Closer Look: Karyotyping and Down A Closer Look: Muscular Dystrophy and
Index 743
Syndrome 642 Genetics 671
Fetal Sexual Development 643 26.6 M ore Complex Models of INSIDE FRONT COVER
A Closer Look: Cryptorchidism—Hidden Inheritance 672 Conversion Factors
Testes 644 X-Linked Genes 672 Metric Prefixes
Physical Constants
25.5 S exual Maturation of Young Codominance 672
Adults 644 Incomplete Dominance 672 I NSIDE BACK COVER
The Maturation of Females 646 Multiple Alleles 673 T able of Atomic Weights
The Maturation of Males 646 Periodic Table of the Elements
25.6 Spermatogenesis 647
viii Contents
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Preface

W HAT SETS THIS BOOK APART? enroll in courses intended for science or science-related
majors such as premeds, architects, or engineers. Such
courses are important for these majors but are mostly
C reating Informed Citizens
inappropriate for introductory-level nonscience students.
To put a nonscience student in such a course is a mistake.
Integrated Science is a straightforward, easy-to-read, but sub-
Few students will have the time or background to move
stantial introduction to the fundamental behavior of matter and
through the facts, equations, and specialized language to
energy in living and nonliving systems. It is intended to serve the
gain any significant insights into the logic or fundamental
needs of nonscience majors who must complete one or more sci-
understandings; instead, they will leave the course with a
ence courses as part of a general or basic studies requirement.
distaste for science. Today, society has a great need for a
Integrated Science provides an introduction to a scientific
few technically trained people but a much larger need for
way of thinking as it introduces fundamental scientific con-
individuals who understand the process of science and its
cepts, often in historical context. Several features of the text
core concepts.
provide opportunities for students to experience the methods
2. Introduce a course that presents a coherent and clear
of science by evaluating situations from a scientific point of
picture of all science disciplines through an interdisci-
view. While technical language and mathematics are important
plinary approach. Recent studies and position papers have
in developing an understanding of science, only the language
called for an interdisciplinary approach to teaching science
and mathematics needed to develop central concepts are used.
to nonmajors. For example, the need is discussed in S cience
No prior work in science is assumed.
for All Americans—Project 2061 (American Association for
M any features, such as Science and Society readings, as
the Advancement of Science), N ational Science Education
well as basic discussions of the different branches of science
Standards (National Research Council, 1994), and S cience
help students understand how the branches relate. This allows
in the National Interest (White House, 1994). Interdisciplin-
students to develop an appreciation of the major developments
ary science is an attempt to broaden and humanize science
in science and an ability to act as informed citizens on matters
education by reducing and breaking down the barriers that
that involve science and public policy.
enclose traditional science disciplines as distinct subjects.
“ I especially like the application of the concepts and the
“ The authors obviously feel that emphasizing the
connections in this text. We try very hard to show that
interconnectedness of nature should be studied
science has connections to the everyday world and why it’s
by integrating all of the sciences into a coherent,
important to see those connections. I don’t think science
understandable network of facts, concepts, and
can be taught to nonscience majors unless this type of
interpretations that lead the student to view the universe
approach is taken.”
in a new and enlightened perspective. This philosophy
— Richard L. Kopec , St. Edward’s University
is particularly important in the education of nonscience
Flexible Organization majors who may never again formally study science.”
— Jay R. Yett , Orange Coast College
The I ntegrated Science sequence of chapters is flexible, and the
3. Help instructors build their own mix of descriptive and
instructor can determine topic sequence and depth of coverage
analytical aspects of science, arousing student interest
as needed. The materials are also designed to support a concep-
and feelings as they help students reach the educational
tual approach or a combined conceptual and problem-solving
goals of their particular course. The spirit of interdis-
approach. The I ntegrated Science ARIS Instructor’s Resources
ciplinary science is sometimes found in courses called
offer suggestions for integrating the text’s topics around theme
“General Science,” “Combined Science,” or “Integrated
options. With laboratory studies, the text contains enough
Science.” These courses draw concepts from a wide range
material for the instructor to select a sequence for a one- or
of the traditional fields of science but are not concen-
two-semester course.
trated around certain problems or questions. For example,
rather than just dealing with the physics of energy, an
T HE GOALS OF INTEGRATED SCIENCE
interdisciplinary approach might consider broad aspects
of energy—dealing with potential problems of an energy
1. Create an introductory science course aimed at the crisis—including social and ethical issues. A number
nonscience major. The origin of this book is rooted in our of approaches can be used in interdisciplinary science,
concern for the education of introductory-level students in including the teaching of science in a s ocial, historical,
the field of science. Historically, nonscience majors had to philosophical, or p roblem-solving context, but there is
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