Integrated principles of zoology

936 Pages·2008·82.5 MB·English

by  Cleveland P. Hickman

Fourteenth Hickman
Edition
About the cover:
Something in the solitary majesty of the polar bear speaks to us despite the fact the Roberts
predators often elicit less sense of kinship than do their prey. Polar bears hunt seals from
Z
sea ice. They feast on highly digestible seal fat which they store ahead of leaner times.
Stored fat must last through the inter-ice period, at least four months, because the bears
fast once the sea ice melts. The length of the fast is increasing. Global climate change Keen
and ocean warming have resulted in earlier melt dates for sea ice: in the Canadian Arctic O
melting occurs fi ve to eight days earlier each decade. By current estimates, sea ice now
I
breaks up three weeks earlier than in the 1970’s. Polar bears must swim longer distances
n
Larson
to shore and so are more vulnerable to drowning. Increased stress and shorter feeding
t
seasons are particularly hard on pregnant females—they fast eight months because e
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birth occurs on shore when other bears return to
r
feeding. One polar bear population decreased 22%
a I’Anson
in the last twenty years, but human contact with t
bears increased, presumably because bears have e
d
expanded their on-shore searches for food. What
L

the future holds for polar bears is hard to predict. P Eisenhour
We can reduce our rates of bear harvest, but r
whether we can slow the rate at which sea ice Oi
n
melts on a relevant time scale remains to be seen.
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Integrated Principles of Zoology p
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Hickman
ZOOLOGY
Roberts
Keen
Larson
I’Anson
Eisenhour Fourteenth Edition
Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr.
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY
Larry S. Roberts
FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY
Susan L. Keen
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT DAVIS
Allan Larson
WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY
Helen I’Anson
WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY
David J. Eisenhour
MOREHEAD STATE UNIVERSITY
Original Artwork by
WILLIAM C. OBER, M.D.
Washington and Lee University and Shoals Marine Laboratory
and
CLAIRE W. GARRISON, B.A.
Shoals Marine Laboratory, Cornell University
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INTEGRATED PRINCIPLES OF ZOOLOGY, FOURTEENTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the
Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
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the United States.
This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing 10% postconsumer waste.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 0 9 8 7
ISBN 978–0–07–297004–3
MHID 0–07–297004–9
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Front cover image: Polar Bear; © Digital Vision
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The credits section for this book begins on page 880 and is considered an extension of the copyright
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Integrated principles of zoology / Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr. ... [et al.]. – 14th ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978–0–07–297004–3 — ISBN 0–07–297004–9 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Zoology. I. Hickman,
Cleveland P.
QL47.2.H54 2008
590–dc22
2007024506
www.mhhe.com
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C O N T E N T S I N B R I E F
About the Authors ix 20 Crustaceans 420
Preface xi
21 Hexapods 441
22 Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates 469
23 Chordates 496
P A R T O N E
24 Fishes 514
25 Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians 543
Introduction to Living Animals
26 Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles 563
1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology 2
27 Birds 585
2 The Origin and Chemistry of Life 21
28 Mammals 612
3 Cells as Units of Life 37
4 Cellular Metabolism 58
P A R T F O U R
P A R T T W O
Activity of Life
Continuity and Evolution of Animal Life
29 Support, Protection, and Movement 644
30 Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulation, Excretion, and Temperature
5 Genetics: A Review 76
Regulation 666
6 Organic Evolution 104
31 Internal Fluids and Respiration 686
7 The Reproductive Process 137
32 Digestion and Nutrition 708
8 Principles of Development 158
33 Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and Sense Organs 726
34 Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System 753
35 Immunity 771
P A R T T H R E E
36 Animal Behavior 785
Diversity of Animal Life
9 Architectural Pattern of an Animal 185
P A R T F I V E
10 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals 199
11 Protozoan Groups 217
Animals and Their Environments
12 Sponges and Placozoans 246
37 The Biosphere and Animal Distribution 806
13 Radiate Animals 260
38 Animal Ecology 825
14 Flatworms, Mesozoans, and Ribbon Worms 289
15 Gnathiferans and Smaller Lophotrochozoans 313
16 Molluscs 331
Glossary 843
17 Annelids and Allied Taxa 362 Credits 880
Index 883
18 Smaller Ecdysozoans 384
19 Trilobites, Chelicerates, and Myriapods 402
iiiiii
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T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S
About the Authors ix CHAPTER 4
Preface xi
Cellular Metabolism 58
Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics 59
The Role of Enzymes 60
P A R T O N E
Chemical Energy Transfer by ATP 62
Cellular Respiration 63
Metabolism of Lipids 70
Metabolism of Proteins 71
Management of Metabolism 72
Summary 73
P A R T T W O
Introduction to Living Animals
CHAPTER 1
Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology 2
Fundamental Properties of Life 4
Zoology as a Part of Biology 10
Principles of Science 11
Theories of Evolution and Heredity 15
Continuity and Evolution of Animal Life
Summary 19
CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 5
The Origin and Chemistry of Life 21 Genetics: A Review 76
Water and Life 22 Mendel’s Investigations 77
Organic Molecular Structure of Living Systems 24 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 77
Chemical Evolution 28 Mendelian Laws of Inheritance 81
Origin of Living Systems 31 Gene Theory 90
Precambrian Life 32 Storage and Transfer of Genetic Information 91
Summary 35 Genetic Sources of Phenotypic Variation 100
Molecular Genetics of Cancer 101
CHAPTER 3 Summary 101
Cells as Units of Life 37
Cell Concept 38
Organization of Cells 40
Mitosis and Cell Division 52
Summary 56
iivv
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www.mhhe.com/hickmanipz14e Table of Contents v
CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 9
Organic Evolution 104 Architectural Pattern of an Animal 185
Origins of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory 105 Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity 186
Darwinian Evolutionary Theory: The Evidence 108 Animal Body Plans 187
Revisions of Darwin’s Theory 126 Components of Metazoan Bodies 190
Microevolution: Genetic Variation and Change Within Complexity and Body Size 193
Species 126 Summary 195
Macroevolution: Major Evolutionary Events 132
Summary 134
CHAPTER 10
Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals 199
CHAPTER 7
The Reproductive Process 137 Linnaeus and Taxonomy 200
Species 201
Nature of the Reproductive Process 138 Taxonomic Characters and Phylogenetic Reconstruction 205
The Origin and Maturation of Germ Cells 142 Theories of Taxonomy 207
Reproductive Patterns 146 Major Divisions of Life 212
Structure of Reproductive Systems 147 Major Subdivisions of the Animal Kingdom 213
Endocrine Events That Orchestrate Reproduction 149 Summary 215
Summary 156
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 8
Protozoan Groups 217
Principles of Development 158
How Do We Defi ne Protozoan Groups? 218
Early Concepts: Preformation Versus Epigenesis 159 Form and Function 221
Fertilization 160 Major Protozoan Taxa 228
Cleavage and Early Development 162 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversifi cation 243
An Overview of Development Following Cleavage 164 Summary 244
Suites of Developmental Characters 166
Mechanisms of Development 170
CHAPTER 12
Gene Expression During Development 172
Vertebrate Development 175 Sponges and Placozoans 246
Development of Systems and Organs 179
Summary 182 Origin of Metazoa 247
Phylum Porifera: Sponges 248
Phylum Placozoa 257
Summary 258
P A R T T H R E E
CHAPTER 13
Radiate Animals 260
Phylum Cnidaria 261
Phylum Ctenophora 282
Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversifi cation 285
Summary 287
Diversity of Animal Life
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vi Table of Contents
CHAPTER 14 Phylum Loricifera 395
Clade Panarthropoda 396
Flatworms, Mesozoans and Ribbon Worms 289
Phylogeny 399
Summary 400
Phylum Acoelomorpha 290
Clades Within Protostomia 291
CHAPTER 19
Phylum Platyhelminthes 292
Phylum Mesozoa 307 Trilobites, Chelicerates, and Myriapods 402
Phylum Nemertea (Rhynchocoela) 307
Summary 311 Phylum Arthropoda 403
Subphylum Trilobita 406
CHAPTER 15 Subphylum Chelicerata 407
Subphylum Myriapoda 414
Gnathiferans and Smaller Lophotrochozoans 313
Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversifi cation 416
Summary 418
Clade Gnathifera 314
Phylum Gnathostomulida 314
Phylum Micrognathozoa 316 CHAPTER 20
Phylum Rotifera 316
Crustaceans 420
Phylum Acanthocephala 319
Phylum Cycliophora 321
Subphylum Crustacea 422
Phylum Gastrotricha 321
A Brief Survey of Crustaceans 430
Phylum Entoprocta 323
Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversifi cation 439
Lophophorates 324
Summary 439
Phylum Ectoprocta (Bryozoa) 325
Phylum Brachiopoda 326
Phylum Phoronida 327 CHAPTER 21
Phylogeny 328
Hexapods 441
Summary 329
Class Insecta 443
CHAPTER 16 Insects and Human Welfare 459
Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversifi cation 465
Molluscs 331
Summary 466
Molluscs 332
Form and Function 333 CHAPTER 22
Classes of Molluscs 336
Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversifi cation 357 Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates 469
Summary 360
Phylum Chaetognatha 471
Clade Ambulacraria 472
CHAPTER 17
Phylum Echinodermata 472
Annelids and Allied Taxa 362 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversifi cation 488
Phylum Hemichordata 490
Phylum Annelida, Including Pogonophorans (Siboglinids) 364 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversifi cation 493
Phylum Echiura 379 Summary 494
Phylum Sipuncula 380
Evolutionary Signifi cance of Metamerism 381
CHAPTER 23
Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversifi cation 381
Summary 382 Chordates 496
CHAPTER 18 The Chordates 497
Five Chordate Hallmarks 500
Smaller Ecdysozoans 384 Ancestry and Evolution 501
Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicata) 502
Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms 386 Subphylum Cephalochordata 504
Phylum Nematomorpha 393 Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) 505
Phylum Kinorhyncha 394 Summary 512
Phylum Priapulida 394
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CHAPTER 24
P A R T F O U R
Fishes 514
Ancestry and Relationships of Major Groups of Fishes 515
Living Jawless Fishes 515
Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes 520
Osteichthyes: Bony Fishes 525
Structural and Functional Adaptations of Fishes 529
Summary 541
CHAPTER 25
Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians 543
Movement onto Land 544
Early Evolution of Terrestrial Vertebrates 544
Modern Amphibians 548
Summary 561 Activity of Life
CHAPTER 26
CHAPTER 29
Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles 563
Support, Protection, and Movement 644
Origin and Early Evolution of Amniotes 564
Characteristics of Nonavian Reptiles That Distinguish Them from Integument 645
Amphibians 568 Skeletal Systems 648
Characteristics and Natural History of Reptilian Orders 570 Animal Movement 654
Summary 583 Summary 663
CHAPTER 27 CHAPTER 30
Birds 585 Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulation, Excretion,
and Temperature Regulation 666
Origin and Relationships 586
Structural and Functional Adaptations for Flight 587 Water and Osmotic Regulation 667
Flight 598 Invertebrate Excretory Structures 671
Migration and Navigation 601 Vertebrate Kidney 673
Social Behavior and Reproduction 603 Temperature Regulation 679
Bird Populations 606 Summary 684
Summary 610
CHAPTER 31
CHAPTER 28
Internal Fluids and Respiration 686
Mammals 612
Internal Fluid Environment 687
Origin and Evolution of Mammals 613 Composition of Blood 688
Structural and Functional Adaptations of Mammals 617 Circulation 690
Humans and Mammals 631 Respiration 698
Human Evolution 632 Summary 706
Summary 640
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viii Table of Contents
CHAPTER 32
P A R T F I V E
Digestion and Nutrition 708
Feeding Mechanisms 709
Digestion 712
Organization and Regional Function of Alimentary Canals 714
Regulation of Food Intake 720
Nutritional Requirements 722
Summary 724
CHAPTER 33
Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and Sense
Organs 726
Neurons: Functional Units of Nervous Systems 727
Synapses: Junctions Between Nerves 730
Evolution of Nervous Systems 733 Animals and Their Environments
Sense Organs 740
Summary 751
CHAPTER 37
The Biosphere and Animal Distribution 806
CHAPTER 34
Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System 753 Distribution of Life on Earth 807
Animal Distribution (Zoogeography) 817
Mechanisms of Hormone Action 754 Summary 823
Invertebrate Hormones 756
Vertebrate Endocrine Glands and Hormones 758
CHAPTER 38
Summary 769
Animal Ecology 825
CHAPTER 35
The Hierarchy of Ecology 826
Immunity 771 Extinction and Biodiversity 839
Summary 841
Susceptibility and Resistance 772
Innate Defense Mechanisms 772
Immunity in Invertebrates 774
Glossary 843
Acquired Immune Response in Vertebrates 775
Credits 880
Blood Group Antigens 782
Index 883
Summary 783
CHAPTER 36
Animal Behavior 785
Describing Behavior: Principles of Classical Ethology 787
Control of Behavior 788
Social Behavior 792
Summary 802
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A B O U T T H E A U T H O R S
CLEVELAND P. HICKMAN, JR. Dr. Roberts has published many National Academies Education Fellow in
research articles and reviews. He has the Life Sciences for 2005–2006. Her inter-
Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr., Professor
served as President of the American ests include weight training, horseback rid-
Emeritus of Biology at Washington and
Society of Parasitologists, Southwestern ing, gardening, travel, and mystery novels.
Lee University in Lexington, Virginia, has
Association of Parasitologists, and South- Dr. Keen can be contacted at:
taught zoology and animal physiology for
eastern Society of Parasitologists, and is a [email protected]
more than 30 years. He received his Ph.D.
member of numerous other professional
in comparative physiology from the Uni-
societies. Dr. Roberts also serves on the
versity of British Columbia, Vancouver, ALLAN LARSON
Editorial Board of the journal, P arasitology
B.C., in 1958 and taught animal physiol-
Research. His hobbies include scuba div- Allan Larson is a professor at Washington
ogy at the University of Alberta before
ing, underwater photography, and tropical University, St. Louis, MO. He received his
moving to Washington and Lee Univer-
horticulture. Ph.D. in genetics at the University of Cali-
sity in 1967. He has published numer-
Dr. Roberts can be contacted at: fornia, Berkeley. His fi elds of specializa-
ous articles and research papers in fi sh
[email protected] tion include evolutionary biology, molec-
physiology, in addition to co-authoring
ular population genetics and systematics,
these highly successful texts: Integrated
and amphibian systematics. He teaches
Principles of Zoology, Biology of Animals, SUSAN KEEN
courses in introductory genetics, zoology,
Animal Diversity, Laboratory Studies in
Susan Keen is a lecturer in the Section of macroevolution, molecular evolution, and
Animal Diversity, and Laboratory Studies
Evolution and Ecology at the University of the history of evolutionary theory, and
in Integrated Principles of Zoology.
California at Davis. She received her Ph.D. has organized and taught a special course
Over the years Dr. Hickman has led
in zoology from the University of Califor- in evolutionary biology for high-school
many fi eld trips to the Galápagos Islands.
nia at Davis, following a M.Sc. from the teachers.
His current research is on intertidal zona-
University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. She Dr. Larson has an active research labo-
tion and marine invertebrate systematics
is a native of Canada and obtained her ratory that uses DNA sequences to exam-
in the Galápagos. He has published three
undergraduate education at the University ine evolutionary relationships among ver-
field guides in the Galápagos Marine
of British Columbia in Vancouver. tebrate species, especially in salamanders
Life Series for the identifi cation of echi-
Dr. Keen is an invertebrate zoologist and lizards. The students in Dr. Larson’s
noderms, marine molluscs, and marine
fascinated with jellyfi sh life histories. She laboratory have participated in zoological
crustaceans.
has a particular interest in life cycles where fi eld studies around the world, including
His interests include scuba diving,
both asexual and sexual phases of organ- projects in Africa, Asia, Australia, Mada-
woodworking, and participating in cham-
isms are present, as they are in most jel- gascar, North America, South America,
ber music ensembles.
lyfi shes. Her other research has included the Indo-Pacific Ocean, and the Carib-
Dr. Hickman can be contacted at:
work on sessile marine invertebrate com- bean Islands. Dr. Larson has authored
[email protected]
munities, spider populations, and Andean numerous scientific publications, and
potato evolution. has edited for the journals The American
Dr. Keen has been teaching evolution Naturalist, Evolution, Journal of Experi-
LARRY S. ROBERTS
and animal diversity within the Introduc- mental Zoology, Molecular Phylogenetics
Larry S. Roberts, Professor Emeritus of tory Biology series for 13 years. She enjoys and Evolution, and Systematic Biology.
Biology at Texas Tech University and an all facets of the teaching process, from Dr. Larson serves as an academic advisor
adjunct professor at Florida International lectures and discussions to the design of to undergraduate students and supervises
University, has extensive experience effective laboratory exercises. In addition the undergraduate biology curriculum at
teaching invertebrate zoology, marine to her work with introductory biology, Washington University.
biology, parasitology, and developmental she offers seminars for the Davis Honors Dr. Larson can be contacted at:
biology. He received his Sc.D. in parasitol- Challenge program, and for undergraduate [email protected]
ogy at the Johns Hopkins University and is and graduate students interested in teach-
the lead author of Schmidt and Roberts’s ing methods for biology. She was given
HELEN I’ANSON
Foundations of Parasitology, sixth edition. an Excellence in Education Award from
Dr. Roberts is also co-author of I ntegrated the Associated Students group at Davis Helen I’Anson, a native of England, is
Principles of Zoology, Biology of Animals, in 2004. She attended the National Acad- professor of biology at Washington and
and A nimal Diversity, and is author of The emies Summer Institute on Undergraduate Lee University in Lexington, Virginia. She
Underwater World of Sport Diving. Education in Biology in 2005, and was a received her Ph.D. in physiology at the
ix
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