Integrated Pest Management

686 Pages·2009·14.32 MB·English

Integrated Pest Management:
Innovation-Development Process
·
Rajinder Peshin Ashok K. Dhawan
Editors
Integrated Pest Management:
Innovation-Development
Process
Volume 1
123
Editors
RajinderPeshin AshokK.Dhawan
Sher-e-Kashmir PunjabAgriculturalUniversity
UniversityofAgriculturalSciences DepartmentofEntomology
andTechnologyofJammu Ludhiana-141004
DivisionofAgriculturalExtensionEducation India
FOAChatha [email protected]
Jammu-180009
India
[email protected]
Coverphotocredits:
Thefungalpathogen,Hirsutellasp.,infectingthearmyworm,Spodopteralitura(Fabricius).Thisfungus,
alongwithotherpathogensareimportantregulatingagentsisarmywormpopulations(Courtesy:Photo
byG.R.Carner,ClemsonUniversity,Clemson,SouthCarolina,USA).
LarvaeoftheparasiticwaspCotesiacongregata(Say)(Hymenoptera:Braconidae)emergingfrom,and
spinningcoccoonsonthebackofatobaccohornworm,Manducasexta(L.)(Lepidoptera:Sphingidae).
(Courtesy:PhotobyLisaForehand,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,USA).
ISBN:978-1-4020-8991-6 e-ISBN:978-1-4020-8992-3
DOI10.1007/978-1-4020-8992-3
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008935028
(cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2009
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Forour teachers,farmersand colleagues
Preface
Thebook‘SilentSpring’writtenbyRachelCarsonin1962,isconsideredtheland-
markinchangingtheattitudeofthescientistsandthegeneralpublicregardingthe
completerelianceonthesyntheticpesticidesforcontrollingtheravagescausedby
thepestsinagriculturecrops.Foraboutfivedecades,theIntegratedPestManage-
ment(IPM)istheacceptedstrategyformanagingcroppests.IPMwaspracticedin
Can˜eteValley,Peruin1950s,evenbeforethetermIPMwascoined.IntegratedPest
management:Innovation-DevelopmentProcess,Volume1,focusesontherecogni-
tionofthe dysfunctionalconsequencesofthe pesticideuse in agriculture,through
researchanddevelopmentoftheIntegratedPestManagementinnovations.Thebook
aims to update the information on the global scenario of IPM with respect to the
use of pesticides, its dysfunctional consequences, and the concepts and advance-
ments made in IPM systems. This book is intended as a text as well as reference
material for use in teaching the advancements made in IPM. The book provides
aninterdisciplinaryperspectiveofIPMbytheforty-threeexpertsfromthefieldof
entomology, plant pathology, plant breeding, plant physiology, biochemistry, and
extensioneducation.
The introductory chapter (Chapter 1) gives an overview of IPM initiatives in
thedevelopedanddevelopingcountriesfromAsia,Africa,Australia,Europe,Latin
America and North America. IPM concepts, opportunitiesand challengesare dis-
cussedinChapter2.Theworldpesticideuse,theenvironmentalandeconomicex-
ternalitiesofpesticideuseinagriculture,withcasestudiesfromtheUSAandIndia
are coveredin the nextthree chapters(Chapters 3, 4 and 5). The brief accountof
theadvancesininsectpests,diseasepestsandplantparasiticnematodesisgivenin
Chapter6.Cropplantmanipulationtoaffectthepeststhroughhostplantresistance
andtransgeniccropsiscoveredinChapters7and8.Contentareaonbiologicalcon-
trolandenvironmentalmanipulationtomanagepestsisthethemeoftheChapters9
and 10. The behaviormodifyingstrategies in response to externalstimuli for pest
managementare detailed in Chapter 11. The pesticides metabolized from botani-
cals, one of the first known pesticides, is covered in subsequent Chapter 12. The
insect pest outbreaks and field level epidemiological issues of plant diseases and
theirmanagementhavebeencoveredinChapters13and14.Chapter15coversthe
conceptsandprinciplesofintegrateddisease managementofbacterial,fungaland
viral diseases. The yield losses caused by insect pests are variable and dynamic.
vii
viii Preface
Themethodsto measureyieldlosseswith theexampleofricecroparecoveredin
Chapter 16. Cotton pest managementhas been a challenging task the world over,
the historical perspective, components of cotton IPM program, insecticide resis-
tancemanagementandtransgeniccottonisthefocusofChapter17.Non-pesticide
pestmanagement,realityormyth-theexperiencesareanalysedinChapter18.IPM
systemsforvegetableandfruitcrops,theirunderlyingconcepts,advancementsand
implementation are covered in detail in the last three chapters (Chapters 19, 20
and21).
IPM isa componentofsustainableagricultureproduction,andwasin voguein
agriculturebeforetheintroductionofsyntheticpesticides.Therenewedeffortsare
needed for the adoption of IPM by the end users. The farmers who did not fall
in the pesticide trap in 1950sand 1960swere labeled as laggards,and, to use the
wordsofE.M.Rogers(2003)–hadthelastlaughatplantprotectionscientistsand
extensionworkers.Duecareshouldbetakenwithrespecttoeuphoriageneratedby
theintroductionoftransgeniccropsinagriculturewhichmaymakeuscomplacent
as was the case after the introduction of DDT, lest we are caught into ‘pesticide
cum transgenic treadmill’. There is no permanent, normalprofessionalism,which
canadoptforlife,andespeciallynotwithcomplexinteractivemanagementsystems
likeIPM(RobertChambers).IPM-innovation-developmentprocessisdynamic,and
is incomplete without the participatory development of farmers’ compatible IPM
systemsanditsadoptionbytheenduserstoitsconsequencesinagricultureproduc-
tion system. Volume 2, Integrated Pest Management: Dissemination and Impact,
analyses the success and failures of this aspect of IPM Innovation-Development
process.
We are grateful and indebted to the contributing authors for their cooperation
andguidanceincompilingthebook.Wearealsogratefultothereviewersfortheir
commentsonthebookchapters.Thebookprovidesaninvaluableresourcematerial
to graduate students, teachers, scientists working in the dynamic field of IPM in
particularandagricultureingeneral.
Jammu,India RajinderPeshin
Ludhiana,India AshokK.Dhawan
Contents
1 IntegratedPest Management:A GlobalOverview of History,
ProgramsandAdoption ........................................ 1
RajinderPeshin,RakeshS. Bandral,WenJunZhang,LewisWilson
andAshokK.Dhawan
2 IntegratedPestManagement:Concept,OpportunitiesandChallenges 51
AshokK.DhawanandRajinderPeshin
3 PesticidesandPestControl...................................... 83
DavidPimentel
4 EnvironmentalandEconomicCostsoftheApplicationofPesticides
PrimarilyintheUnitedStates ................................... 89
DavidPimentel
5 EconomicandEcologicalExternalitiesofPesticideUseinIndia .....113
P.K.ShettyandMariumSabitha
6 Advancesin CropProtectionPracticesforthe Environmental
SustainabilityofCroppingSystems...............................131
W.G.DilanthaFernando,RajeshRamarathnamandS.Nakkeeran
7 KeystotheIncreasedUseofHostPlantResistanceinIntegrated
PestManagement ..............................................163
MichaelStoutandJeffreyDavis
8 BiotechnologicalInterventionsinHostPlantResistance ............183
AdityaPratapandS.K.Gupta
9 BiologicalControlandIntegratedPestManagement ...............207
DavidOrr
ix
x Contents
10 ConventionalandNewBiologicalandHabitatInterventionsfor
IntegratedPestManagementSystems:ReviewandCaseStudies
usingEldanasaccharinaWalker(Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) ..........241
D.E.ConlongandR.S.Rutherford
11 Behavior-ModifyingStrategiesinIPM:TheoryandPractice ........263
CesarR.Rodriguez-SaonaandLukaszL.Stelinski
12 Botanicals in Pest Management: Current Status and Future
Perspectives ...................................................317
SanjayGuleriaandA.K.Tiku
13 InsectOutbreaksandTheirManagement.........................331
T.V.K.SinghandJ.Satyanarayana
14 Plant Disease Epidemiology and Disease Management – Has
ScienceHadanImpactonPractice?..............................351
GregoryA.Forbes,EduardoS.G.MizubutiandDaniShtienberg
15 IntegratedDiseaseManagement:ConceptsandPractices...........369
V.K.RazdanandSachinGupta
16 WhenIsaRiceInsectaPest:YieldLossandtheGreenRevolution ..391
JamesA.Litsinger
17 ChangingTrendsinCottonPestManagement .....................499
K.R.KranthiandD.A.Russell
18 NonPesticidalManagement:LearningfromExperiences ...........543
G.V.Ramanjaneyulu,M.S.Chari,T.A.V.S.Raghunath,ZakirHussain
andKavithaKuruganti
19 IPMProgramsinVegetableCropsinAustraliaandUSA:Current
StatusandEmergingTrends ....................................575
NancyA.Schellhorn,TeresiaW.NyoikeandOscarE.Liburd
20 IntegratedPestManagementinFruits–TheoryandPractice .......599
DonnT.Johnson
21 Bio-IntensiveIntegratedPestManagementinFruitCropEcosystem.631
VirenderKaul,UmaShankarandM.K.Khushu
Index .............................................................667
Contributors
Rakesh S. Bandral, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sher-e-Kashmir University of
AgriculturalSciencesandTechnologyofJammu,India,[email protected]
M.S.Chari,CentreforSustainableAgriculture,12–13—45,StreetNo.1,Tarnaka,
Secunderabad-500015,India,chari [email protected]
D.E.Conlong,DepartmentofConservationEcologyandEntomology,Facultyof
AgriSciences,StellenboschUniversity,PrivateBagX1,Matieland.7602.South
Africa,[email protected]
JeffreyDavis,DepartmentOfEntomology,LouisianaStateUniversityAgricultural
Center,BatonRouge,Louisiana,USA,[email protected]
AshokK.Dhawan,DepartmentofEntomology,PunjabAgriculturalUniversity,
Ludhiana-141004,India,[email protected]
W.G.DilanthaFernando,DepartmentofPlantScience,UniversityofManitoba,
Winnipeg,MBR3T2N2,Canada,D [email protected]
GregoryA.Forbes,InternationalPotatoCenter,Apartado1558,Lima12,Peru,
[email protected]
SanjayGuleria,DivisionofBiochemistryandPlantPhysiology,Sher-e-Kashmir
UniversityofAgriculturalSciencesandTechnologyofJammu,Chatha-180009,
Jammu,India,[email protected]
S.K.Gupta,DivisionofPlantBreedingandGenetics,Sher-e-KashmirUniversity
ofAgriculturalSciencesandTechnologyofJammu,Chatha,Jammu-180009India,
[email protected]
Sachin Gupta, Division of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of
AgriculturalSciencesandTechnologyofJammu,Chatha,Jammu,180009,India,
[email protected]
Zakir Hussain, Centre for Sustainable Agriculture,12–13—45,Street No. 1,
Tarnaka,Secunderabad-500015,India,[email protected]
xi
xii Contributors
DonnT.Johnson,DepartmentofEntomology,AgricultureExperimentStation,
UniversityofArkansas,Fayetteville,Arkansas72701;USA,[email protected]
Virender Kaul, Division of Entomology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of
AgriculturalSciencesandTechnologyofJammu,Chatha,Jammu-180009,India,
[email protected]
M.K.Khushu,AgrometeorologyResearchCentre,Sher-e-KashmirUniversityof
AgriculturalSciencesandTechnologyofJammu,Chatha,Jammu-180009,India,
dr [email protected]
K.R.Kranthi,CropProtectionDivision,CentralInstituteforCottonResearch,
PB.No.2.ShankarnagarPO,Nagpur-440010,India,[email protected]
KavithaKuruganti,CentreforSustainableAgriculture,12–13—45,StreetNo.1,
Tarnaka,Secunderabad-500015,India,kavitha [email protected]
OscarE.Liburd,EntomologyandNematologyDepartment,UniversityofFlorida,
Gainesville,Florida32611,USA,oeliburd@ufl.edu
JamesA.Litsinger, IPM andFarmingSystemsSpecialist, 1365JacobsPlace,
DixonCA95620USA,[email protected]
EduardoS.G.Mizubuti,DepartamentodeFitopatologia,UniversidadeFederalde
Vic¸osa,Vic¸osa,MG,Brazil,[email protected]
S.Nakkeeran,DepartmentofPlantPathology,KrishiVigyanKendraTamilNadu
AgriculturalUniversityTindivanam-604002,India,[email protected]
Teresia W. Nyoike, Entomologyand NematologyDepartment, University of
Florida,Gainesville,Florida32611,USA,nyoiket@ufl.edu
DavidOrr,DepartmentofEntomology,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,Raleigh,
NorthCarolina,27695-7613,USA,david [email protected]
RajinderPeshin,DivisionofAgriculturalExtensionEducation,Sher-e-Kashmir
University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha,
Jammu-180009,India,[email protected]
DavidPimentel, Departmentof Entomology,College of Agricultureand Life
Sciences,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NewYork,USA,[email protected]
AdityaPratap,Div.ofCropImprovement,IndianInstituteofPulsesResearch
(ICAR),Kalyanpur-Kanpur(U.P.)208024,India,[email protected]
T.A.V.S.Raghunath,CentreforSustainableAgriculture,12–13–45,StreetNo.1,
Tarnaka,Secunderabad-500015,India,[email protected]
G.V.Ramanjaneyulu,CentreforSustainableAgriculture,12–13–45,StreetNo.1,
Tarnaka,Secunderabad-500015,India,[email protected]
RajeshRamarathnam,SouthernCropProtectionandFoodResearchCentre,1391
SandfordStreet,London,Ontario,ONN5V4T3,[email protected]