Integrated Optics: Theory and Technology PDF
Preview Integrated Optics: Theory and Technology
Integrated Optics Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH Robert G. Hunsperger Integrated Optics Theory and Technology Fourth Edition With 195 Figures and 17 Tables Springer Professor ROBERT G. HUNSPERGER Department of Electrical Engineering University of Delaware 140 Evans Hall Newark, DE 19716, USA The first thrce editions appeared as Vol. 33 of Springer Series in Optical Sciences CIP data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Hunsperger, Robert G.: Integrated optics: theory and technology I Robert G. Hunsperger. - 4., ed. - Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Budapest; Hong Kong; London; Mailand; Paris; Tokyo: Springer, 1995 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved. Whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. ISBN 978-3-540-59481-9 ISBN 978-3-662-03159-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-03159-9 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1982, 1984, 1991, 1995 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 1995. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this pUblication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong SPIN: 10503856 3113144/SPS - 5 4 3 2 1 0 - Printed on acid free paper To my wife, Elizabeth Preface Once again it has become necessary to produce a new edition in order to update material provided in earlier editions and to add new descriptions of recently emerging technology. All of the chapters have been revised to include new developments, and to incorporate additional literature references. In the past few years there has been a vast expansion of worldwide telecommunications and data transmission networks. In many localities fiber to-the-home and integrated services digital networks (ISDN) have become a reality. Many people are now logging-on to the Internet and the World Wide Web. The growth of these networks has created a strong demand for inexpen sive, yet efficient and reliable, integrated optic components such as signal splitters, couplers and multiplexers. Because of this demand, there has been a great deal of work recently on devices made using polymers and glasses. Descriptions of these components have been added to the book in the appro priate chapters. A number of new practice problems have been added, and an updated booklet of problem solutions is available. The supplementary series of video taped lectures described in the preface to earlier editions continues to be available. Inquires regarding these materials should be sent directly to the author. The author wishes to thank Mrs. Barbara Westog, who helped with the organization of new material and typed the revisions. Newark, July 1995 R.G. Hunsperger Preface to the Third Edition The field of integrated optics is continuing to develop at a rapid pace, necessi tating the writing of this third edition in order to update the material contained in earlier editions. All of the chapters have been revised to reflect the latest developments in the field and a new chapter has been added to explain the important topic of newly invented quantum well devices. These promise to significantly improve the operating characteristics of lasers, modulators and detectors. The trend of telecommunications toward the use of single mode systems operating at the longer wavelengths of 1.3 and 1.55 )lm has been explained and documented with illustrations of recently developed devices and systems. In this regard, broader coverage of GaInAsP devices and optical integrated circuits has been provided, and the new growth techniques of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) have been described. The extensive development of hybrid optical integrated cir cuits in lithium niobate has also been described. Notably, this progress has led to the production of the first commercially available optical integrated circuits. A number of new practice problems have been added. An updated book let of problem solutions is available, and the supplementary series of video taped lectures described in the preface to the first edition has been expanded and updated. Inquiries regarding these materials should be sent directly to the author. The author wishes to thank Mr. Garfield Simms, who has generated the artwork for a number of the new illustrations which appear in this edition, and Mrs. Barbara Westog, who typed the revisions. Newark, January 1991 R.G. HUNSPERGER Preface to the Second Edition Our intent in producing this book was to provide a text that would be compre hensive enough for an introductory course in integrated optics, yet concise enough in its mathematical derivations to be easily readable by a practicing engineer who desires an overview of the field. The response to the first edition has indeed been gratifying; unusually strong demand has caused it to be sold out during the initial year of publication, thus providing us with an early opportunity to produce this updated and improved second edition. This development is fortunate, because integated optics is a very rapidly progressing field, with significant new research being regularly reported. Hence, a new chapter (Chap. 17) has been added to review recent progress and to provide numerous additional references to the relevant technical literature. Also, thirty-five new problems for practice have been included to supplement those at the ends of chapters in the first edition. Chapters 1 through 16 are essentially unchanged, except for brief updating revisions and corrections of typographical errors. Because of the time limitations imposed by the need to provide an unin terrupted supply of this book to those using it as a course text, it has been possible to include new references and to briefly describe recent developments only in Chapter 17. However, we hope to provide details of this continuing progress in a future edition. The author wishes to thank Mr. Mark Bendett, Mr. Jung-Ho Park, and Dr. John Zavada for their valuable help in locating typographical errors and in developing new problems for this edition. Newark, December 1983 R.G. HUNSPERGER Preface to the First Edition This book is an introduction to the theory and technology of integrated optics for graduate students in electrical engineering, and for practicing engineers and scientists who wish to improve their understanding of the principles and applications of this relatively new, and rapidly growing field. Integrated Optics is the name given to a new generation of opto-electronic systems in which the familiar wires and cables are replaced by light waveguiding optical fibers, and conventional integrated circuits are replaced by optical integrated circuits (OIC's). In an OIC, the signal is carried by means of a beam of light rather than by an electrical current, and the various circuit elements are interconnected on the substrate wafer by optical waveguides. Some advantages of an integrated-optic system are reduced weight, increased bandwidth (or multiplexing capability), resistance to electromagnetic interfer ence, and low loss signal transmission. Because of the voluminous work that has been done in the field of inte grated optics since its inception in the late 1960's, the areas of fiber optics and optical integrated circuits have usually been treated separately at conferences and in textbooks. In the author's opinion, this separation is unfortunate be cause the two areas are closely related. Nevetheless, it cannot be denied that it may be a practical necessity. Hence, this book includes an overview of the entire field of integrated optics in the first chapter, which relates the work on optical integrated circuits to progress in fiber-optics development. Specific examples of applications of both fibers and the OIC's are given in the final chapter. The remaining chapters of the book are devoted to the detailed study of the phenomena, devices and technology of optical integrated circuits. This book is an outgrowth of a graduate level, single-semester course in integrated optics taught first at the University of Southern California in 1975 and later at the University of Delaware. The course has also been produced as a series of 20 color videotaped lectures, which can be used along with this book for self-study of the subject. A booklet of solutions to the problems given at the end of the chapters is also available. Inquiries regarding these supplementary materials should be sent directly to the author. The author wishes to thank those persons who have contributed to making this book a reality. In particular, the critical comments and constructive sug gestions provided by Dr. T. Tamir throughout the preparation of the manu-
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