INTEGRATED HOUSEHOLD LIVING CONDITIONS - United Nations

135 Pages·2011·4.16 MB·English

INTEGRATED HOUSEHOLD LIVING CONDITIONS
SURVEY IN MYANMAR (2009-2010)

Poverty Profile

PREPARED BY:

IHLCA PROJECT TECHNICAL UNIT
YANGON, THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR

WITH SUPPORT FROM:

MINISTRY OF NATIONAL PLANNING AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
NAY PYI TAW, THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
YANGON, THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR

UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN’S FUND
YANGON, THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR

SWEDISH INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY
BANGKOK, THAILAND
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The team would like to thank, in particular, the Minister of National Planning and Economic
Development for his support to the Integrated Household Living Conditions Assessment
(IHLCA) of which the quantitative study on living conditions is a component. Other special
thanks go to the IHLCA Steering Committee and the IHLCA Technical Committee for their
guidance and support. The study team would also like to acknowledge the key role played by
the Planning Department (PD) in conducting survey field operations, and specifically Daw
Lai Lai Thein, Director General, Planning Department, Daw Win Myint, Deputy Director
General and National Project Director of IHLCA Project, Planning Department and U Tun
Tun Naing, Director General, the Central Statistical Organization (CSO).
Additional contributions were made by the National Nutrition Center, the Department of
Health Planning, the Yangon Institute of Economics, the Education Planning and Training
Department, the Department of Labor, the Department of Agricultural Planning, the
Settlements and Land Records Department, and the Department of Population.
Special thanks go also to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for their
support to the IHLCA surveys, more specifically Mr. Bishow Parajuli, United Nations
Resident Coordinator and UNDP Resident Representative, Mr. Akbar Usmani, UNDP Senior
Deputy Resident Representative, Mr. Sanaka Samarasinha, UNDP Deputy Resident
Representative as well as U Min Htut Yin, Assistant Resident Representative, UNDP. Special
thanks to Ms.Yoshimi Nishino, Chief, Social Policy and Planning, Monitoring and
Evaluation Section, UNICEF and Mr. Jörgen Schönning, Counsellor, Sida for their keen
interest and support for project activities.

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Table of Contents
FORWARD ....................................................................................................................... ...................... i
Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................................iii
Acronyms ...................................................................................................................... ....................... vii
List of Tables ................................................................................................................ ........................ ix
List of Figures ............................................................................................................... ......................... x
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................. ................. xi
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... ......................... 1
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Data Sources, Collection and Analysis ................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Sampling Issues ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Format and Objectives of the Poverty Profile ......................................................................................................... 3
2. Poverty and Inequality ..................................................................................................... .................. 5
2.1 Poverty Metrics, Lines and Measures ................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 The Metric ......................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 Poverty Lines .................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1.3 Poverty Measures ............................................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 ‘Food’ Poverty .......................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Poverty ..................................................................................................................................................................... 12
2.4 Poverty ‘Proxies’ .................................................................................................................................................... 17
2.4.1 Caloric Intake .................................................................................................................................................. 17
2.4.2 Food Shares in Consumption ...................................................................................................................... 18
2.4.3 Small Asset Ownership ................................................................................................................................. 18
2.5 Inequality ................................................................................................................................................................. 20
2.6 Poverty Dynamics .................................................................................................................................................. 23
2.7 Summary .................................................................................................................................................................. 25
Appendix 2.1 The Foster, Greer,Thorbecke (FGT) Class of Poverty Measures ............................................... 27
3. Demographic Characteristics of Households .................................................................................. 29
3.1 Household Size ....................................................................................................................................................... 29
3.2 Dependency Ratios ................................................................................................................................................ 31
3.2.1 Demographic Dependency Ratios (DDRs) ............................................................................................... 31
3.2.2 Economic Dependency Ratios (EDRs) ...................................................................................................... 31
3.3. Female-Headed Households (FHHs) ................................................................................................................ 34
3.4 Summary .................................................................................................................................................................. 34
4. Economic Activities of Household Members .................................................................................. 37
4.1 Industrial Classification ......................................................................................................................................... 37
4.2 Employment Type ................................................................................................................................................. 37
4.3 Land ......................................................................................................................................................................... 40
4.4 Credit and Debt ...................................................................................................................................................... 45
4.5 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................. 49
5. Labour Market ................................................................................................................................. 51
5.1 Labour Force Participation Rates ........................................................................................................................ 51
5.2 Unemployment ....................................................................................................................................................... 53
5.3 Underemployment ................................................................................................................................................. 56
5.4 Summary .................................................................................................................................................................. 56
6. Housing, Water and Sanitation .............................................................................................. ........... 61
6.1 Housing Characteristics (Roof-Type) ................................................................................................................. 61
6.2 Access to Safe Drinking Water ............................................................................................................................ 63
6.3 Access to Improved Sanitation ............................................................................................................................ 65
6.4 Access to Electricity .............................................................................................................................................. 65
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6.5 Summary .................................................................................................................................................................. 68
6.6 Appendix Tables .................................................................................................................................................... 69
7. Health and Nutrition ....................................................................................................... ................. 71
7.1 Immunisation Coverage ........................................................................................................................................ 71
7.2 Maternal Health ...................................................................................................................................................... 73
7.3 Morbidity ................................................................................................................................................................. 76
7.4 Nutrition .................................................................................................................................................................. 78
7.5 Access to Health Care ........................................................................................................................................... 81
7.6 Expenditure on Health.......................................................................................................................................... 81
7.7 Summary .................................................................................................................................................................. 84
7.8 Appendix Tables .................................................................................................................................................... 86
8. Education .................................................................................................................. ....................... 89
8.1 Literacy .................................................................................................................................................................... 89
8.2 Enrolment ............................................................................................................................................................... 91
8.3 Access ...................................................................................................................................................................... 94
8.4 Attainment .............................................................................................................................................................. 97
8.5 Educational Expenditures .................................................................................................................................... 97
8.6 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................ 100
8.7 Appendix Tables .................................................................................................................................................. 102
9. Conclusion: Trends in Well-being in Myanmar, 2005-2010 ............................................................ 103
9.1 Trends in Economic Dimensions of Well-being ............................................................................................ 103
9.2 Trends in Social Dimensions of Well-being .................................................................................................... 105
10. Statistical Appendix ...................................................................................................... ................. 107
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Acronyms
DDR Demographic Dependency Ratio
EDR Economic Dependency Ratio
FGT Foster-Greer-Thorbecke (Poverty Measures)
FHH Female Headed Household
FRH Fertility and Reproductive Health (Survey)
MICS Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
Sida Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency
SWOC State of the World’s Children (Survey)
TRU Time Rate of Unemployment
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
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