INTEGRATED. ECO-FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTES, OF VISCOSE PULP ...

338 Pages·2002·10.36 MB·English

INTEGRATED. ECO-FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTES,
OF VISCOSE PULP INDUSTRY
Thesis submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of
Doctor. of Philosophy in Environmental Sciences
to the Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
By
P. JOTHIMANI
\ LD.No. 98-809-002
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE
TAMIL NADU AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
COIMBATORE - 641003
2002
CERTIFICATE
'.
This is to certify that the. thesis entitled "INTEGRATED ECO-FRIENDLY
MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTES OF VISCOSE PUI~P ,INDUSTRY", .
submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF
PHILOSOPHY IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES to the Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University, Coimbatore is a record of bona fide research work carried out by
Mrs.P.JOTHIMANI under my supervision and guidance and that no part of this thesis
has been submitted for the award of any other degree, diploma, fellowship or other
similar titles or prizes and that the work has not been published in part or full in any
scientific or popular journal or magazine.
Place : Coimbatore
j , .
Date : \y\\ \' \) t,.... ••
Approved by
Chairman"
~
Members
:2':7 '4-:2 a3.
(Dr. K.K.CHANDARAGIRI)
/2
t~
External examiner:
Date: M'-[ rO -.s iP-~:x:...
Lj

ABSTRACT
INTEGRATED ECO-FRIENDLY MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTES OF
VISCOSE PULP INDUSTRY
BY
P. JO'fHIMANI
Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Sciences
Chairman Dr.D.Augustine Selvaseelan
Professor and Head,
Department of Environmental Sciences
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University
Coimbatore - 641 003.
2002
Viscose pulping industry is generating appreciable quantities of solid wastes
every day, the scientific ways and means of utilizing these solid wastes in an integrated
eco-friendly manner was the main objective of this present investigation. It was found
that among the solid wastes of South India ViScose (SIV) Industries Pvt. Ltd., Sirumugai,
bio-sludge (BS) had wider CIN ratio. Hence it could be biodegraded for utilizing it as
bio-manure. Lime sludge (LS) and primary clarifier sludge (peS) were alkaline in nature
with narrow CIN ratios and both the sludges had appreciable quantities of Ca and Mg.
Hence these sludges have ameliorative potential for reclaiming acid soils too.
Bio-composting experiment was conducted for a period of 75 days by mixing the
pulp industrial bio-sludge with different bio-accelerators such as yeast sludge (YS),
activated sludge (AS) and cow dung slurry (CDS) along with selected microbial consortia
of Bacillus+Trichoderma (B+T) and Bacillus:rPleurotus (B+P). It was found that organic
carbon decreased during the composting and the lowest CIN ratio of 9.9: 1 was recorded
within 45 days with YS as bio-accelerator along with microbial cultures. AS and CDS too
proved to be very effective bio-accelerators along with microbial cultures in narrowing
•
the C/N ratio faster than control. The maximum humic acid content of 38 per cent in the
composts was observed when BS was combined with YS as bio-accelerator; the humic
acid was only 13 per cent in control. The composted BS·was neutral in pH with slightly
higher soluble salt concentration of 3.51 to 3:74 dSm·1. The compost from the BS with
YS as bio-accelerator resulted in a compost rich in essential plant nutrients (NPK) with
optirtlUIil levels of secondary nutrients followed by the AS compOst. AS in the case of
bio-sludge, the sugar cane trash (SCT) was also effectively composted with the bio
accelerators along with microbial consortia.
To evaluate the efficiency of composted bio-manures, experiments were
conducted using maize and soybean as a cropping sequence. The bio-manures
(composted BS and SCT) at the rate of 25 t ha-1 + 50 percent NPK increased the
germination per cent, root and shoot length, number of leaves, dry matter production,
stalk and grain nutrient content and uptake of maize significantly than the 12.5 t compost
ha-1 + 100 per cent NPK treatments. Composted bio-manures @ 25 t ha-l increased the
yield attributes such as the number of cobs, cob length, number of seeds per cob,
hundred~grain weight and grain yield of maize. The bio-manures application increased
the ~C, available N, P and K, soil exchangeable cations and the soil micronutrient status
significantly. Soil microbial dynamics and enzyme activities were also increased due to
the bio-manures and the increase was marked under 25 t ha-l applications indicating that
25 t ha-1 was conducive for a healthy soil-compost-microbial interaction. Among the
treatments, SCT compost by the two methods (1M and CM), followed by BS+YS
compost, and BS+AS compost @ 25 t ha-1 with 50 per cent NPK were found to be
significantly superior to control. Therefore these could be considered as better recycling
options for the bio-sludge and SCT compost generated from the industry and farm,
respectively. If these composts are available in large quantities, its application @ 25 t ha-l
+ 50 per cent NPK could reduce the cost of inorganic fertilizers by half, ensuring at the
same time, increased yield without the depletion of soil nutrient status.
The DMP, grain yield, haulm and grain nutrient contents and uptakes of the
residual crop of soybean were higher u!l:d~r 25 t compost ha-1 + 50 per cent NPK.
Residual soil nutrients and biological activity were also significantly higher under 25 t
compost ha-l application indicating that the higher dose of organic manure maintained the
soil health in the long run and sustained the soil fertility and productivity. It also resulted
in significant improvement in the quality of the produce in terms of protein and
carbohydrate contents of soybean and maize grain.
The lime sludges of the pulp industry viz., LS and P~S significantly increased the
pH, EC, organic carbon, NPK and the exchangeable cations of the acid soils than the raw
lime application. Among the solid wastes, LS resulted in higher pH in all the acid soils
than lime and it was followed by the primary clarifier sludge. Further, addition of BS and
SCT compost along with these sludges enhanced the ameliorative property and nutrient
status of the acid soils. Hence LS and PCS along with BS could substitute the lime as
ameliorants for acid soil reclamation. Application of liming materials (LS and PCS)
along with SCT compost enhanced the soil enzyme activities such as phosphatase,
dehydrogenase, catalase and invertase. The LS and PCS along with BS and SCT compost
increased the germination percentage, root and shoot length, DMP and yield of black
gram under acid soil. The grain yield under LS+SCT compost was 63.3 per cent higher
than control and 15.9 percent higher than lime application.
The column Iysimeter investigation on the use of sludge and effluent on soil and
ground water quality revealed that the pH and EC of the leachates at 60th day increased
marginally due to continuous effluent irrigation and sludge application. The
exchangeable cations in the effluent decreased considerably as the days of leachate
collection progressed and the per cent colour reduction of the leachate increased with the
advancement in the duration of leachate collected. There was also a perceptible reduction
in BOD and COD of the leachates (88 and 90 per cent, respectively from their initial
values). The pH, EC and OC of the soils increased appreciably due to effluent and sludge
application. The exchangeable cations, available nutrients, micronutrients of the soils also
increased due to effluent and sludge application. It was higher in surface soil than the
subsurface soil.
Thus, the characterization of pulp industrial solid wastes, composting of its bio
sludge, evaluation 6f the efficiency of-bio-manures on soil and crop in a cropping
sequence indicated that there is lot of potential to utilize these solid wastes of the pulp
industry to produce value added bio-composts to sustain the soil health and crop
productivity in the long run. Evaluation of the lime sludges of the pulp industry revealed
that the lime sludge and prim:;lry clarifier sludge along with bio-sludge and sugarcane
trash compost could be the best alternatives for raw lime for the reclamation of acid soils
and to increase the crop productivity and hence there is a good scope of value addition to
these lime sludges too which has to be further assessed for its long term effect.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am p(easea to e:x.:press my sincere gratitude atuf appreciation to tfie Cfiainnan,
jIavisory Committee, (j)r. <D. jIU{justine Se{vaseetan, CRrofessor aruf Jfeacf, cJJepartment of
P,nvironmenta{ Sciences, for fiis va{ua6fe guidance, constant encourt1{jement atuf
constructive criticisms tlirougli out tlie perimf ofs tzufy.
I am afso gratefuI to <Dr.J.CRra6ak,aran, Professor, <Department ofP ,nvironmenta{
of
Sciences, (j)r. V. Ve{u, CRrofessor, <Department SoiIS cience and. ftgricuftura{ Cliemistry
of
ana CDr.1( 1( Cliarufaragiri, CRrofessor, ([)epartment jIgronomy, ;Mem6ers, jIavisory
of
Comm#tee, for tfieir deep interest and '(,JaM suggestions c[uring tfie period my stUffy.
[My tfianJij are due to (/)r.9rI..;Mafieswa~ c])r.cp':J(agarajan (j)r.jI. Cfinstoplier
7
£ourauraj ana a[[ tlie staff mem6ers of tlie <Department for tlieir time[y lie{p.
I taRs tliis opportunity to convey my sincere tfzanlij and regards to tlie famUIeS
of( [)r. ~ 1Vatesan ana9 rtr. Jfarifiaran for tlieir a{truistic ftefp, [o've ant! affection.
On a personae note, I w/ioCe-/iearted[y e)\j:eruf my rove and affection to my
fius6ant! (])-r..ft. (]3fUlSk.aran for fiis support, valUf sUfJgestwns andi mpecca6fe guidance in
accomp{isfiing success in tfiis attempt ana daugliter jInupanza k.utty for tfie personae
sacrifices and patience auring tfie pewa of my study. I eJ\Jetuf my specia{ tfzan/ij to my
parents, in taws, Grotlier aruf Grotlier in taw :Mr.:M. Sentfiifk.unzar for tlieir support ami
encouragement given to me tliroUfJIi out my career.
;My sincere tfianliJ are due to tfie sponsoring agency ;MIs Soutfi India 'M"scose
Int!ustries CPut. £t{( Sirumugai for tliefinancia{ support renderea during tlie study
period. Pina[[y I tfiank. aff my friends wfiQ. tfirect[y or irufirect[y fiefped me during tfie
tenure of tlie study.
,
E·~fv,'~
Place : (1L""'~hOcIoNL (P .JOTHIMANI)
Date : ~C) . 4· 24)02:,
CONTENTS
I
I
Chapter Title Page No.
I No. I
I
I
I
I
1 INTRODUCTION
I,
!
I
!
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE
I
!
I
III MATERIALS AND METHODS
:
I
IV I
RESULTS
II
V DISCUSSION
I
I
I
VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
I
I
I
REFERENCES
1
LIST OF TABLES
I
I S.No·1 Title Page No.
, I
1. I Characteristics of pulp industrial solid wastes used for bio-sludge
b"'-1
compos ting
I
I
12. Characteristics of bio-accelerators used for bio-sludge composting b6
I
I
Temperature eC) of pulp industrial bio-sludge compost l -/
-' \
I
pH of pulp industrial bio-sludge compost ..
-, ,
~ __~ i_ __ ____________~ ------~
i I I
5. Electrical conductivity (dSm- ) of pulp industrial bio-sludge compost
I I --
16. I
Organic carbon content (%) of pulp industrial bio-sludge compost ,
" -"
I
!
17. ! Total nitrogen content (%) of pulp industrial bio-sludge compost i
! i '-"r '._~l
[8
I
Carbon/nitrogen ratio of pulp industrial bio-sludge compost t
I , f >"-':"" --
II II
Total ph;sphorus content (%) of pulp industrial bio-sludge compost I ' r ' !
I
,--,
(,
\
I
Total sodium content (%) of pulp industrial bio-sludge compost
(. ""~\ ,i'\
! ~{J
I
12. Total calcium content (%) of pulp industrial bio-sludge compost
II
13. Total magnesium content (%) of pulp industrial bio-sludge compost
II
114. Total iron content (mg kg-I) of pulp industrial bio-sludge compost
i I
I
of-P~lp
115. Total copper content (mg kg-I) industrial bio-sludge compost
I
116.
Total zinc content (mg kg-I) of pulp industrial bio-sludge compost
i
I
17 Total manganese content (mg kg-I) of pulp industrial bio-sludge
I .
I compost
18. Bacterial dynamics (x 106 g-I) of pulp industrial bio-sludge compost
19. Fungal dynamics (x 103 g-I) of pulp industrial bio-sludge compost