Intangible Cultural Heritage, Sustainable Development and Intellectual Property: International and European Perspectives

392 Pages·2022·7.438 MB·English

by  Benedetta Ubertazzi

Munich Studies on Innovation and Competition 18
Benedetta Ubertazzi
Intangible
Cultural Heritage,
Sustainable
Development
and Intellectual
Property
International and European Perspectives
Munich Studies on Innovation and Competition
Volume 18
SeriesEditors
JosefDrexl,Munich,Germany
RetoM.Hilty,Munich,Germany
The Munich Studies on Innovation and Competition present fundamental research
on legal systems that have been created with the objective of promoting and
safeguardinginnovationandcompetitionasthemostimportantfactorsforeconomic
growth andprosperity.Accordingly,thisseries will includemonographicworksin
English in the different fields of intellectual property and competition law such as
patent,trademarkandcopyrightlaw,aswellasunfaircompetitionandantitrustlaw.
Rather than describing what the law is, the series strives to contribute to the
scholarshiponhowtheselegalsystemsshoulddevelopsoastopromoteinnovation
andcompetition.Therefore,itsoutlookisbothinternational,bynotfocussingonany
specificnationallegalsystem,andinterdisciplinary.Inparticular,studiesareencour-
aged that also incorporate the methods and findings of other disciplines such as
economics,sociologyandanthropology.
Benedetta Ubertazzi
Intangible Cultural Heritage,
Sustainable Development
and Intellectual Property
International and European Perspectives
BenedettaUbertazzi
StudioUbertazzi
Milano,Italy
ISSN2199-7462 ISSN2199-7470 (electronic)
MunichStudiesonInnovationandCompetition
ISBN978-3-031-08103-3 ISBN978-3-031-08104-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08104-0
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Acknowledgements
Iwishtothankallthosewhohavemadethisbookpossible.
Firstofall,thankyoutotheMaxPlanckInstituteforInnovationandCompetition,
Department for Intellectual Property and Competition Law and in particular Pro-
fessorsJosefDrexlandRetoHiltyforhostingmeattheInstitute,beingavailableto
read the drafts of this book, and for accepting it for publication in the book series
“MunichStudiesonInnovationandCompetition”.
I would also like to express my gratitude to the Alexander von Humboldt
Foundationforthefinancialsupportgiventomeonceagain.
IamthankfultotheUniversityofMilan-Bicoccaforgenerouslyallowingmeto
spendresearchperiodsinGermanyandforgivingmetheopportunitytoexpressand
testsomeofmyideasinpubliclecturesanddiscussion.
Iwould liketoexpressmysinceregratitude toanumberofinstitutions,organi-
sations, and networks for providing interesting and unique occasions to closely
examinevarioustopicsaddressedinmybook:theItalianMinistryofForeignAffairs
for including me in the Italian delegation for the UNESCO Intergovernmental
Committee for theSafeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (from Nairobi,
November 15–20, 2010to theentirely online Sixteenth Session, December 13–18,
2021,andeverysessionin-between);theUNESCOGlobalNetworkofFacilitators,
and in particular the working group for the training on periodic reporting of the
national focal points in Europe; the research team and the communities (of May-
urbhanj Chhau dance, Purulia Chhau dance, Medinipur Patachitra, Raghurajpur
Patachitra,andBaulandFakiriwhomweworkedalongside)fortheresearchproject,
HeritageSensitiveIntellectualPropertyandMarketingstrategies:India(HIPAMS—
INDIA), funded by the British Academy's Sustainable Development Programme,
supported under the UK Government's Global Challenges Research Fund
2018–2021; the International Law Association Committee for Participation in
Global Cultural Heritage Governance, with special thanks to Professors Lucas
LixinskiandAndrzej Jakubowskiforappointing metothecommittee; theInterna-
tionalLawAssociationCommitteeforIntellectualPropertyandPrivateInternational
v
vi Acknowledgements
Law,withspecialthankstoProfessorsToshiyukiKono,PedroAdeMiguelAsensio,
andAxelMetzger;theWIPO-TurinMasterofLawsinIntellectualProperty.
MymostheartfeltandsinceregratitudegoestoWilliamLong,whosecomments,
feedback, and support during the process of editing have been invaluable. My
sincere thanks also go to Professors Lucas Lixinski, Ana Filipa Vrdoljak, and
Francesco Francioni, who provided me with constructive feedback and guidance
throughout the process of editing this book. I would also like to offer my special
thankstothecommunities,groups,andindividualswhoseheritageformsthesubject
matter of this book, and in particular to the communities of the elements Sicilian
PuppetTheatre(UNESCORepresentativeList2008);Traditionalviolincraftsman-
ship in Cremona (UNESCO Representative List 2012); Celebrations of big
shoulder-borneprocessionalstructures(UNESCORepresentativeList,2013);Fal-
conry, a living human heritage (UNESCO Representative List 2016), Falconry, a
living human heritage (2018), Celestinian Forgiveness Celebration (UNESCO
Representative List 2019), Tocatì, programme for the safeguarding of traditional
gamesandsports(inthenominationprocessfortheRegisterofGoodSafeguarding
Practices), Alpine Food Heritage (in the nomination process for the UNESCO
Representative List), The Art of Cameo Engraving (in the nomination process for
theUNESCORepresentativeList).
On a personal level, I have enjoyed the company and encouragement of my
motherPatrizia,myhusbandFederico,mychildrenDima,Carlotta,andNicolo,my
brotherTommaso,hiswifeLauraandtheirdaughterLucia.
Finally, I would like to dedicate this book to the memory of my father Luigi
Carlo,whoseintellectandwisdomhasinformedsomuchofmywork.Iknowheis
restingpeacefullyinheaven.
Withouttheirsupport,Iwouldnothavebeenabletowritethisbook.Itistherefore
tothemallthatIdedicatethisbook.Allofwhatiswritteninthisbookis,needlessto
say,ofmyownauthorshipandresponsibility.Allwebsiteshereafterreferredtohave
beenlastaccessedatJanuarythe12th,2022.
Milan,Italy BenedettaUbertazzi
12January2022
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 IntangibleCulturalHeritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 TheDefinitionandPracticeofIntangibleCulturalHeritage . . . . . . 11
2.2 Safeguarding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.1 OralTraditionsandExpressions,IncludingLanguage
AsaVehicleoftheIntangibleCulturalHeritage. . . . . . .. 19
2.2.2 PerformingArts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.3 SocialPractices,RitualsandFestiveEvents. . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.4 KnowledgeandPracticesConcerningNatureandthe
Universe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2.5 TraditionalCraftsmanship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3 TheSubjectiveComponentofIntangibleCulturalHeritage:
Communities,GroupsandIndividuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.1 IndigenousPeoples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.4 TheObjectiveandSpatialComponentsofIntangibleCultural
Heritage:Instruments,Objects,ArtefactsandCulturalSpaces . . .. 48
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3 SustainableDevelopmentandIntangibleCulturalHeritage . . . . . .. 67
3.1 TheDefinitionandPracticeofSustainableDevelopmentinthe
ContextofIntangibleCulturalHeritage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2 InclusiveSocialDevelopment:ParticipationandInclusive
Governance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.3 EnvironmentalSustainability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.4 InclusiveEconomicDevelopmentandCommercialisation . . . . . . . 95
3.5 PeaceandSecurity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.6 Covid-19:ACaseStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
vii
viii Contents
4 IntellectualPropertyRightsandIntangibleCulturalHeritage . . . .. 119
4.1 IntangibleCulturalHeritage,IntellectualPropertyRights
andTerritorialEnforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.2 CopyrightandNeighbouringRights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.3 Patents,IndustrialDesigns. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. 129
4.4 Know-How,TradeSecrets,DatabasesandContracts. . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.5 Individual,Collective,CertificationTradeMarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.6 GeographicalIndications,ProtectedDesignationofOrigin,
TraditionalSpecialityGuaranteed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
4.7 TheLimitationsofIntellectualPropertyRightsAsSafeguarding
MechanismsforIntangibleCulturalHeritage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4.7.1 IntellectualPropertyRightsMayReinforceIntangible
CulturalHeritageMisappropriations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.8 SuiGenerisIntellectualPropertyRightsandtheRelationship
BetweenPropertyandHeritage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
4.9 IntellectualPropertyRightsMayBeCapableofSafeguarding
IntangibleCulturalHeritage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5 IntellectualPropertyRightsandIntangibleCulturalHeritage
InscribedintheUNESCOLists . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 187
5.1 IntellectualPropertyRightsandtheConvention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
5.2 Copyright:DikopeloFolkMusicofBakgatlabaKgafela
inKgatlengDistrict(Botswana). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5.2.1 SegaTambourofRodriguesIsland(Republic
ofMauritius). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.3 CopyrightandCertificationTrademark:IndonesianBatik. . . . . . . 200
5.4 Patents,TradeMarks,ContractualClausesandNon-disclosure
Agreements:CraftsmanshipofMechanicalWatchmaking
andArtMechanics(FranceandSwitzerland). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.5 CollectiveTrademarks:TraditionalViolinCraftsmanshipin
Cremona(Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
5.5.1 BeerCultureinBelgium(Belgium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
5.6 IndividualTrademark:‘MediterraneanDiet”(Cyprus,
Croatia,Spain,Greece,Italy,Morocco,Portugal). . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
5.6.1 Tocatì,ASharedProgrammefortheSafeguardingof
TraditionalGamesandSports(Italy,Belgium,Croatia,
Cyprus,France). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
5.7 GeographicalIndications,ProtectedDesignationofOrigin,
TraditionalSpecialityGuaranteed:TraditionalAgricultural
PracticeofCultivatingthe‘viteadalberello’(Head-Trained
BushVines)oftheCommunityofPantelleria(Italy). . . . . . . . . . . 229
5.7.1 Know-HowofCultivatingMasticontheIslandofChios
(Greece). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
5.7.2 Argan,PracticesandKnow-HowConcerningtheArgan
Tree(Morocco) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Contents ix
5.7.3 TheArtofNeapolitan‘Pizzaiuolo’(Italy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
5.7.4 ArtisanalTalaveraofPueblaandTlaxcala(Mexico)
andCeramicsofTalaveradelaReinaandElPuente
delArzobispo(Spain)MakingProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
5.8 IntellectualPropertyRightsonIntangibleCulturalHeritage
ShallRespecttheSpiritoftheConvention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
6 TheRelationshipBetweenIntangibleCulturalHeritage,Sustainable
DevelopmentandIntellectualPropertyRights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
6.1 SocialSustainableDevelopment:InclusiveMultilevelGovernance
SystemsofCollectiveIntellectualPropertyRightsEngaging
andEmpoweringCommunities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
6.2 EnvironmentalSustainableDevelopment:Community-Based
Resilience;EnvironmentalImpacts,KnowledgeandPractices
RegardingNatureandtheUniverse;ResiliencetoNatural
DisastersandClimateChangeandIntellectualPropertyRights. . . 279
6.3 EconomicSustainableDevelopment:IntellectualPropertyRights
ProtectingIntangibleCulturalHeritageAgainstCommercialisation
Risks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
6.3.1 IntangibleCulturalHeritageFreezing,Standardization
andDecontextualization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
6.3.2 Over-Commercialisation . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 298
6.3.3 AuthenticityClaims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
6.3.4 Misappropriations:CodeofEthics,CeaseandDesist
Letters,ImageRightsandAccessandBenefitSharing
Agreements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
6.3.5 CombiningIntellectualPropertyRightswithHeritage-
SensitiveMarketingProtectionStrategies:Labelling
Schemes,ArtsFestivalsandStorytelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
6.4 ConsolidationofLitigationforCross-BorderEnforcementof
IntellectualPropertyRightsonIntangibleCulturalHeritage. . . . . . 338
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
TableofCases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
TableofLegislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
NationalLegislation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
InternationalInstruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376