Instrumentation, Control and Automation of Water and Wastewater Treatment and Transport Systems. Proceedings of the 5th IAWPRC Workshop Held in Yokohama and Kyoto, Japan, 26 July–3 August 1990

759 Pages·1990·20.029 MB·English

by  R. Briggs (Eds.)

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Scientific Programme Committee
M. Hiraoka, Japan (Chairman) B. Jank, Canada
T. Ohto, Japan R. Briggs, UK
J. F. Andrews, USA G. Olsson, Sweden
W. F. Garber, USA J. Lohmann, FRG
C. F. Guarino, USA
International Organising Committee
M. Hiraoka, Japan {Chairman) W. Schilling, Switzerland
B. Jank, Canada (Vice-Chairman) G. Olsson, Sweden
T. Ohto, Japan R. Passino, Italy
K. Gotoh, Japan M. Viitasaari, Finland
S. Matsui, Japan K. K. Chin, Singapore
J. F. Andrews, USA Im Ze Bin, Korea
W. F. Garber, USA M. A. Hashim, Malaysia
C. F. Guarino, USA C. Polprasert, Thailand
R. Briggs, UK Zhang Chong-Hua, China
J. Lohmann, FRG A. Milburn, IAWPRC
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R. Briggs D. Meredith
G. A. Booker A. Milburn
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W. F. Garber M. Sweeney
M. T. Garrett J. Teller
H. D. Gilman Z. Vitasovic
S. P. Graef W. White
T. M. Keinath L. Yust
P. Lavalee
INSTRUMENTATION, CONTROL AND
AUTOMATION OF WATER AND
WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
Proceedings of the 5th IAWPRC Workshop held in Yokohama and Kyoto,
Japan, 26 July-3 August 1990
Editor
R. BRIGGS
City University, London, UK
with the assistance of
G. A. BOOKER East Worcestershire Water Company
R. HUNTINGTON Wessex Water pic
M. WILLIAMS Severn Trent Water pic
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Copyright © 1990 International Association on Water Pollution
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EDITORIAL
This volume comprises the papers and posters presented at the fifth IAWPRC Workshop on
Instrumentation, Control and Automation of Water and Wastewater Treatment and Transport
Systems, held in Yokohama and Kyoto, Japan, 26 July - 3 August 1990. This is the latest
in a very successful series of workshops which have by tradition been held in two
consecutive locations, the venues being London/Paris in 1973, London/Stockholm in 1977,
Munich/Rome in 1983 and Houston/Denver in 1985.
In Yokohama the focus was on invited lectures given by experts in the field worldwide;
keynote reports by leading researchers and practitioners from several countries addressed
current issues. This was then followed by a panel discussion. The Workshop reconvened in
Kyoto where the main scientific programme and poster session were held as an integral
part of IAWPRC'S 15th Biennial Conference, which ran concurrently at the same venue.
Technical visits were organised at both venues, to destinations chosen for their
innovative attributes: the Hokobu Dai-ni Wastewater Treatment Plant, the Hoboku Sludge
Treatment Center, the Waterworks Operation and Information Center at Yokohama and the
Kawamata Wastewater Treatment Plant at Kyoto.
Although progress with automation has proved markedly slower than was expected at the
first Workshop in 1973, there has nevertheless been a steady improvement, particularly in
the areas of wastewater treatment and sensor development. The papers presented at this
Workshop have emphasised the following aspects:
* new sensor technology based on developments in electrochemistry, fibre
optics and electro-optics;
* research into materials such as those needed to produce membranes of
the required selectivity, for immobilisation of reactive species, and for
addition of reagents and standards;
* the use of inferential measurements coupled with expert system technology;
* the ever-increasing power of microprocessors and the continuing reduction
in their unit costs;
* better communications capability;
* improved mathematical modelling;
* an increased awareness of the improved management that results from
the timely availability of relevant data to the appropriate levels in the
management hierarchy.
xiii
xiv Editorial
Perhaps the most important function of these workshops is improved communication, on an
international scale, between those engaged in research, those engaged in practice and
those reponsible for regulatory aspects. Once again the wide-ranging nature of the
material presented both orally and by means of poster displays has emphasised this
aspect. The papers and posters cover practical aspects, case histories and recent
advances in sensor and system technology, and in dynamic modelling of water and
wastewater treatment plants. Perhaps most important of all, the improvement in
management skills which can now utilise the improved data now readily available to all
concerned have been highlighted.
This book contains only those papers and posters which were submitted in good time, the
book having been produced for distribution to delegates at the Workshop. The highlights
of the Workshop and ensuing discussions, together with references to late papers, will be
reported in Water Quality International and in the Newsletter of the IAWPRC Study Group
on ICA.
Finally it must be emphasised that, although active participation in these Workshops
brings the maximum benefit to the individual, this book together with the proceedings of
previous workshops provide what is probably the most comprehensive account of the state
of the art and recent developments in instrumentation, control and automation as applied
to the water and water-using industries, and as such will be invaluable to the
practitioner, the researcher and the student community.
Professor R Briggs
INTEGRATED WATERWORKS
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM: CURRENT
STATUS AND FUTURE TASKS
(Water Operations System and Water Quality
Control through Water Quality Instrumentation)
S. Sakazaki* and H. Nagakura**
* Department of Purification, Yokohama Waterworks Bureau, 1-1,
Minato-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231, Japan
**Department of Purification, Yokohama Waterworks Bureau, 1-1,
Minato-cho, Naka-ku, Yokohama 231, Japan
ABSTRACT
The Integrated Waterworks Management System in Yokohama was proposed in 1971.
As a background of the plan/ the first need arose from the aspect of water
management. Moreover/ as a result of expansion projects/ etc./ old and new
facilities have been mingled/ causing difficulties in carrying out efficient
facility maintenance. The system aims at safe/ smooth and efficient water
operations and management by taking a balance of all facilities.
KEYWORDS
Water operations system; integrated facility monitoring; information service;
water quality control through automatic calculation; evaluation of operations
resu I ts.
1. INTRODUCTION
Yokohama is now the second largest city in Japan, with a population of 3.2
million. Before the opening of the port in 1864/ however/ it was only a
fishing village of some 100 houses. It was 1859/ when it was selected
as the place opened to foreign trade/ Yokohama took the first step toward the
formation of a city. The rapid progress made after the opening of the port
led to the increase in the number of residents. These residents had
difficulties in obtaining good quality water because Yokohama was a city built
on reclaimed land. It was/ therefore/ an urgent task for Yokohama to secure
water from the standpoints of sanitation and fire prevention. Under the
leadership of Lieut.-Col./ Royal Engineers Henry Spencer Palmer/ Yokohama
completed Japan's first modern water supply system in October 1887. In the
more than 100 years since then/ the Yokohama waterworks has developed into
a large scale water supply system capable of supplying l/780/000n? of water
daily through water pipes with a total length of 8/000 Km. Figure 1 presents
the current status of major water facilities and pipelines in Yokohama.
1
2 S. SAKAZAK1 and H. NAGAKURA
Main Water Supply System of Yokohama
Fig. 1. The current status of major water facilities and pipelines in Yokohama.
The concept of the system involves three elements; the water operations system,
the information facility system, and the waterworks system/ to establish the
management system for facilities located over a wide area that comprehensively
controls all water supply facilities ranging from water intake to water
distribution operations. A hierarchical system configuration was adopted. The
conceptual diagram of the system is shown in Figure 2.
Subsystems Water Intake Stations
(Filtration Sedimentation Basins
Plants)
Water Filtration Plants
Water
i
Operation
System Operation Water Pumping Stations
(Software) Information
Systems
Distribution Reservoirs
(incl. KWSA Receive)
Data Exchanges System Distribution Pumping
(Subsystems) Stations
(Intake,Sedimentation)
(Distribution Control
Station at Main Distributing Blocks
Offices of Bureau) (Faci1 ities on Road)
Water Operation System Information Share System Waterworks System
Fig. 2. The conceptual diagram of the system
Integrated waterworks management system 3
2. Objectives of Integrated Management System
The five major objectives of the integrated management system are:
1) Efficient Water Quantity Control
To secure the maximum water volume for supply at the end of a distribution
pipe with limited water sources/ as well as to ensure a stable water supply.
For these purposes/ a proper water distribution is made against demand/ and the
effective usage of intake water is promoted by monitoring the water volume
consumed during each process and the amount of leakage.
2) Proper Facility Operations
For stable and safe operation of various water sources and complex
facilities/ data is collected on-line from all facilities and an operations
plan for the short-term water supply volume/ such as for that day or for about
one week/is developed. The system also promotes the equalization of the water
volume for purification in order to carry out safe and efficient water
purification and the proper management of distribution reservoirs and pumping
stati ons.
3) Proper Water Pressure
Hills with an elevation UP to 100 meters are irregularly located in the
city/ causing difficulties in maintaining the proper water pressure.
Therefore/ the city area of 432 Kn£ has been divided into 21 blocks. Each block
has a distribution reservoir and pumping station and is divided into a pump-fed
area and a gravity-fed area. The network of distribution pipes has been
constructed to obtain the proper water pressure. Mutual-help pipes between
distribution reservoirs have also been constructed. Water flow and pressure
meters are installed at 62 major points within the network and 70 instruments
measuring only pressure are installed at the ends of distribution pipes and
elevated sites.
4) Water Quality Management
Proper water quality management is the most important issue for a water
service. To this end/ it is necessary to monitor water quality of all
facilities/ from water intake to distribution/ quickly and accurately. In
order to strengthen water quality management at the ends of distribution pipes/
especially/ instruments monitoring residual chlorine and turbidity are
installed at 23 sites at the ends of distribution pipes.
5) Economical Water Operations
The three water sources owned by the city vary in water production costs/
such as power costs due to differences in altitude at water intake locations,
and chemical costs due to differences in water quality. Payment for the water
supplied by Kanagawa Water Supply Authority (KWSA) includes the fixed basic fee
and charges required according to the volume received. Accordingly/ the
selection of water sources for daily water intake has a considerable economic
influence. In the case of Yokohama/ in order to reduce power costs that
account for a large part of operating expenses/ gravity-fed intake is used as
much as possible.
3. Functions and Operating Conditions of Integrated Management System
4 S. SAKAZAKI and H. NAGAKURA
The functions and operating conditions of the integrated management system are
as foil ows:
1) Integrated Monitoring and Data Collection Functions
It is indispensable for daily operations/ and especially during
emergencies/ to be able to monitor at one place the operating conditions of all
facilities from intake to distribution. Monitoring is made at intervals of
five minutes. Data collected serve as the basis for water operations planning
and the integrated monitoring. The planned total data number of 2/600 items
is still sufficient to achieve these purposes at present.
2) Information Service
Data collected at the control center are available 24 hours from the
terminals installed at 14 major offices/ including the bureau's main office/ to
provide information service such as facility operating conditions. The
information service items available at the control center include:
(1) Data on water sources/ water quality/ water quantity/ etc.
(2) Target values of intake quantities and inflow q u a nt i t i e s -t o
distribution reservoirs for water quantity control planning.
(3) Data on abnormalities and faults of facilities and instruments.
(4) Data on weather conditions.
3) Water Control Program
The water control program is formulated in a model based on hourly data
files for the past 745 days (two years and one-half month) created for the
entire city and each block.
Three kinds of such models are created. They are a control program for that
day with calculations made in hourly units; a control program for the following
day with calculations made for the following 24 hours; and a short-term control
program that covers the following day through one week ahead with round target
values calculated in daily units.The target values for the day are transmitted
to computers at subcenters installed at purification plants.
4. Effects of Integrated Management System
As a result of this system/ it is possible to monitor operating conditions of
all facilities and to conduct water control quickly and safely in the event of
emergencies. Specific examples include: A 30-day pump stoppage that
occurred in July 1986 due to the fault of the pumping station facility;
regular water supply was secured from another water source through monitoring
the accurate water supply data. A 29-hour suspension of water supply of the
Kosuzume purification plant system in March 1987 that was caused by power
outage due to snowfall under abnormal weather conditions; the expected number
of households affected by the suspension was reduced by about a half to 206/000
households through cooperative operations among purification plants and
distribution blocks. The on-line data also contributed to the recovery work
for early restoration of water supply.
The system is used for water operations about 200 times a day under normal
conditions. The on-line data/ such as water sources/ water pressure and water
quality/ are being utilized at each waterworks office. As a result of
centralized control of facility data/ quick responses to their inquiries are
now possible.
Integrated waterworks management system 5
5. Example of Automatic Water Quality Control (at Kosuzume Purification Plant)
Kosuzume Purification Plant was constructed in 1965. Following an expansion
project in 1978/ Kosuzume is the largest purification plant in Yokohama/ with
1/000/000 M3 of drinking water and 150/000 M3 of industrial water purified
daily. Since raw water is taken in from the lower reaches of the Sagami River/
the plant is influenced by domestic/ industrial and agricultural waste water/
etc.. At first/ the centralized supervision system was employed using small-
si ze analog instruments.
In 1980/ however/ these instruments were replaced with digital instruments
based on a direct digital control (DDC) system. The advanced control method/
including automatic calculation models/ was employed/ thus making it possible
to transmit/receive data to/from the control center that carries out
integrated management. The hardware configuration employs a "Hot stand-by
duplex" system using two computers for control. Water quality control in the
purification process is mainly carried out by injecting coagulants/
disinfectants/ alkaline agents.
The procedures of water quality control by automatic calculation are as
f o I I ows:
In response to the input of analytic data of water quality instrumentation/ the
target chemical injection rate is automatically calculated. This target rate
is correlated to the inflow quantity of each plant and the target injection
volume is calculated and automatically set to inject chemicals by DDC control
of adjustment valves. Accordingly/ measurement accuracy in water quality
instrumentation plays an important role/ as the results of quality control
depend upon the accuracy of the instrumentation, Time modifications/ such as
the time necessary for chemical reaction and time delays in the flow process
befor e arrival are automatically made. Figure 3 presents a flow chart of
water quality control.
Coag. NaOH a No. 1 Clear
Water Re servotr
i —1 1
I
No. 1 Sludge Blanket Wat e r
type S.B.
Ma I ns
No. I
Coag. Rapid Sa nd
FiIter N o . 2 Clear
NaOH CfiJ Wa t e r Re s e r vo i r
A.C. No.2 Sludge Blanket 7*
twe S.B.
| Water
N o . 2
Rapid Sand
Inclined Parallel F I Iter
Plates toe S.B.
Raw
I n d u s t r i a 1 \. To Factor y
Water Sludge
•* Return Water Treatment Industrial
Fact I I tIe 3 Distribution
Fig. 3. Flow chart of water quality control. Re s e r v o i r