Instructors Manual : Civilization Past and Present

560 Pages·2006·1.634 MB·English

by  Richard D. Whisonant

INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL
to accompany
Brummett, et al
CIVILIZATION
Past and Present
Eleventh Edition
Richard D. Whisonant
York Technical College
New York Boston San Francisco
London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid
Mexico City Munich Paris Cape Town Hong Kong Montreal
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Instructor's Manual to accompany Brummett, et al, Civilization: Past and Present, Eleventh Edition
Copyright ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Instructors may reproduce portions of this book for
classroom use only. All other reproductions are strictly prohibited without prior permission of the publisher, except
in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews.
ISBN: 0-321-33319-5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10–OPM–08 07 06 05
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 Stone Age Societies and the Earliest Civilizations of the Near East 1
CHAPTER 2 Ancient China: Origins to Empire Prehistory to 220 C.E. 20
CHAPTER 3 Ancient India: From Origins to 300 C.E. 33
CHAPTER 4 Greece: Minoan, Mycenaean, Hellenic,
and Hellenistic Civilizations, 2000-30 B.C.E. 46
CHAPTER 5 Roman Civilization: The Roman World, C. 900 B.C.E. - 476 B.C.E. 61
CHAPTER 6 Byzantium and the Orthodox World:
Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325-1500 83
CHAPTER 7 Islam From its Origins to 1300 97
CHAPTER 8 The African Beginnings: African Civilizations To 1500 111
CHAPTER 9 The European Middle Ages: 476-1348 C.E 125
CHAPTER 10 Culture, Power, and Trade in the
Era of Asian Hegemony, 220-1350 142
CHAPTER 11 The Americas to 1492 159
CHAPTER 12 The Islamic Gunpowder Empires, 1300-1650 170
CHAPTER 13 East Asian Cultural and Political Systems, 1300-1650 181
CHAPTER 14 European Cultural and Religious Transformations:
The Renaissance and the Reformation 1300-1600 192
CHAPTER 15 The Development of the European State System: 1300-1650 214
CHAPTER 16 Global Encounters: Europe and the New World
Economy, 1400-1650 229
CHAPTER 17 Politics in the First Age of Capitalism: 1648-1774
Absolutism and Limited Central Power 243
CHAPTER 18 New Ideas and Their Political Consequences:
The Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment and the French
Revolutions 268
CHAPTER 19 Africa 1650-1850 294
CHAPTER 20 Asian and Middle Eastern Empires and Nations, 1650-1815 305
CHAPTER 21 The Americas, 1650-1825: From European Dominance to
Independence 316
CHAPTER 22 Industrialization: Social, Political, and Cultural Transformations 332
CHAPTER 23 Africa and the Middle East, 1800-1914 348
CHAPTER 24 Asia, 1815-1914: India, Southeast Asia, China, and Japan 361
CHAPTER 25 Latin America: Independence and Dependence, 1825-1945 374
CHAPTER 26 Politics And Diplomacy In The West: 1815-1914 380
CHAPTER 27 World War I and Its Economic and Political Consequence 408
CHAPTER 28 The USSR, Italy, Germany, and Japan: The Failure of Democracy
in the Interwar Period 426
CHAPTER 29 Forging New Nations in Asia, 1910 to 1950 441
CHAPTER 30 Emerging National Movements in the Middle East
and Africa, 1920s-1950s 451
CHAPTER 31 World War II: Origins and Consequences, 1919-1946 462
CHAPTER 32 The Bi-Polar World: Cold War and Decolonization,
1945-1991 476
CHAPTER 33 The United States and Europe Since 1945: Politics in an Age of
Conflict and Change 494
CHAPTER 34 Middle East, Africa, Latin America Since 1945 516
CHAPTER 35 Asia Since 1945: Political, Economic, and Social Revolutions 537
CHAPTER 1
Stone Age Societies and
the Earliest Civilizations of the Near East
C O
HAPTER UTLINE
I. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMANKIND
A. Evolution: A Major Theory
1. Classifies humans as primates
2. Explains that a crucial development occurred when the ape family differentiated
into tree-dwelling types and ground-dwelling types (hominids)
B. Development of the Genus “Homo”
1. Australopithecus earliest ground-dwelling ape; discovered in South Africa in 1924
2. Homo habilis
a. Louis S.B. Leakey found 1.75 million-year-old fossil in 1964 at Olduvai Gorge,
Tanzania
b. Creature walked erect, had well-developed thumb, probably used tools
c. “Lucy” found in Ethiopia 3.8 to 3 million years ago in 1973
d. In 1998 in South Africa discovered a hominid some 3.5 million years ago
3. Homo ergaster, which emerged perhaps as long as 2.3 million years ago in Africa
4. Homo erectus
a. Used fire, standardized tools
b. Emerged 1.8 million years ago in Africa, migrated to Near East, Asia, Europe
5. Neanderthal Man
a. Discovered in Neander Valley in Germany in 1856
b. Adapted to cold climates, 40,000-200,000 years ago
c. Inhabited parts of Europe, Asia, Africa
d. Used fire, wore fur, made stone-tipped spears, lived in caves, stone shelters
e. No longer classified as homo sapiens
6. Homo sapiens
a. Developed 150,000 years ago
b. Cro-Magnon Man appeared at least 40,000 years ago
c. Scientists debate whether Homo sapiens originated in Africa and spread to
other continents, or evolved independently and displaced or assimilated Homo
erectus
d. Only one species of the genus Homo exists today
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II. PRELITERATE CULTURES
A. Early Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) Culture
1. Used eoliths, made stone tools, standardized procedures for making implements,
such as hand ax
2. Hunted, fished, collected fruits, nuts, and berries
B. Middle and Late Paleolithic Cultures
1. Developed specialized tools and weapons (burin, flints, spear launchers, needles)
2. Sewed animal skins for garments and shelter
3. Drew, chiseled pictures of food animals, possibly for rituals
4. Dating from 28,000 to 10,000 B.C.E. Cave art in Spain and France
C. Mesolithic, or Transitional, Cultures
1. Glaciers receded about 10,000 B.C.E.; reindeer moved north
2. Mesolithic groups used axes with handles, bows and arrows, skis, sleds, dugout
canoes
3. Domesticated dog
D. Neolithic (New Stone Age) Revolution and Advent of Agriculture
1. Bordering the Fertile Crescent from the Nile River to the Tigris Cultivation of
grains, domestication of animals, pottery making, use of polished stone tools
2. Brought about agricultural revolution in Near East, c. 7,000 B.C.E.
3. Man became a food-producer, not just a food-gatherer
4. People could settle down in farming villages
5. Çatal Hüyük (Turkey) is best-preserved example of a Neolithic village
a. Contains pottery, woven textiles
b. Includes mud-brick houses, shrines honoring a mother goddess
III. PRELITERATE SOCIETY AND RELIGION
A. Social Organization
1. Ancient societies complex, based on customs
2. Family was basic social unit
a. Monogamy most common marriage custom
b. Extended family provided food and protection
3. Groups of extended families formed clan
a. Clans were patrilineal if tied through male
b. Clans were matrilineal if tied through female
4. Groups of clans formed tribe with common speech, culture, land
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B. Collective Responsibility in Law and Government
1. Ethical behavior consisted of not violating custom
2. Justice meant maintaining equilibrium, social balance, usually through
compensation
3. Treason, witchcraft, incest, acts considered dangerous to the community, might be
punished by death
4. Government based on democratic review by elders
C. Religion and Magic
1. Awe and wonder led to belief in animism
a. Spirits worshiped, belief in afterlife
b. Worship of fertility symbols, especially female
2. Magic tied to the practice of religion; shamans believed to have special powers to
ward off disasters
D. Neolithic “Science”
1. Domestication of plants and animals, invention of tools, pottery and weaving
indicate that Stone Age societies observed, investigated, classified, experimented
2. Megaliths at Stonehenge and Nabta Playa indicate a complex knowledge of
geometry and astronomy, and possibly even the fundamentals of a solar calendar
IV. MESOPOTAMIA: THE FIRST CIVILIZATION
A. The Geography of Mesopotamia
1. Civilization can be described as a culture that has attained a degree of complexity
a. Sustains specialists to deal with political, social, religious needs
b. Has a system of writing
c. Produces monumental architecture
d. Produces art that reflects people and their activities
2. Evidence of complex city life, writing, and high culture by 6,000 B.C.E.
3. Agricultural Revolution spread into Fertile Crescent
a. Yearly floods of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers replenished soil
b. Location where rivers converged had great agricultural potential
c. Environmental problems: swamps had to be drained; canals needed to be built
to distribute water; protection needed to prevent flooding
d. Akkad in north, Sumer in south
4. Civilization in Sumer marked beginning of Bronze Age
5. Mesopotamia lacked stones, metals, timber; had to import these materials
6. Sumerians developed sailing boats, wheeled vehicles, potter’s wheel
B. The Emergence of Civilization in Sumer, c. 3200-2800 B.C.E.
1. By c. 3100 B.C.E. Sumerians lived in cities, with writing, Protoliterate phase, c.
2800 B.C.E.
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2. Sumerians’ origins unknown, spoke non-Semitic, non-Indo-European language
3. Strong food producing sector supported cities
a. Specialized labor, commerce, ziggurat, scribes
b. Business, government records, 60-based counting system
4. Sumerian traits seen in Nile, Indus valley
5. Pictographs on clay tablets showed objects, ideas, eventually gave way to
phonetic writing
6. Scribes used reed stylus to produce wedge (Latin = cuneus) impressions
a. Sumerians developed cuneiform system of writing
b. System spread throughout Near East
C. The Old Sumerian Period, c. 2800-2300 B.C.E.
1. Characterized by constant city-state wars
a. Theocratic cities saw local gods as sovereign
b. High priests (ensis) dominated cities
c. Lugals gained private control of clan lands
2. Abuses of priests led to the rise of kings (lugals) with popular support
D. The Akkadian Period, c. 2300-2150 B.C.E.
1. Dominated by Semites
a. Sargon I’s power went from Persian Gulf to Mediterranean Sea
b. The first true empire in history
c. Based policies around lower, merchant classes
2. Akkad conquered by northern, semibarbaric invaders
E. The Neo-Sumerian Period, c. 2150-2000 B.C.E.
1. Third Dynasty of Ur centralized rule over region
a. Strict control through government bureaucrats
b. Religion became arm of state; state appointed high priests
c. Law code of Ur-Nammu showed concern that the rich would not take
advantage of the poor
2. Ur destroyed by Elamites from Iran, c. 2000 B.C.E.
a. Sumerian cultural influences remained; laid foundation for later civilizations of
the Tigris-Euphrates valley
b. Merchants prospered without centralized state
F. The Old Babylonian Period, c. 2000-1600 B.C.E.
1. Semitic Amorites ruled Mesopotamia
2. Hammurabi, major ruler, known for law code
a. The Code of Hammurabi is a compilation of laws covering a wide variety of
topics
b. State controlled all aspects of economy
c. Comprehensive protection for women, children
d. Punishment determined by social class
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G. Mathematics and Science
1. Major advances in arithmetic, algebra, geometry
a. Place-value notation for numbers in a series
b. Symbol for nothing
2. Observed, collected natural data
H. Literature and Religion
1. Babylonians inherited Sumerians’ literature
a. Gilgamesh anticipated Iliad and Odyssey
b. Wisdom writings anticipated Old Testament
2. The ethical content of Babylonian religion was never well developed
3. Corrupt priesthoods diluted religious content
I. Collapse and Disorder, c.1600-1200 B.C.E.
1. Hittites, Indo-Europeans took Babylon established control in Asia Minor
2. The next five centuries were years of disorder about which little is known Five
centuries of darkness followed
V. EGYPT: GIFT OF THE NILE
A. Predynastic Egypt
1. Yearly floods, river and canal systems made Egypt the gift of the Nile
2. Two distinct kingdoms, composed of tribal districts
a. Lower Egypt, delta area south to Memphis
b. Upper Egypt, above Aswan
3. Predynastic Egypt ended c. 3100 B.C.E. when Menes of Upper Egypt united land
from capital at Memphis
4. This period has become known as the First Dynasty, and marks the beginning of
the longest-lasting civilizations in history
B. The Old Kingdom, c. 2700-2200 B.C.E.
1. Headed by kings of Third through Sixth dynasties
a. All power centered in pharaoh, god figure who controlled all resources
b. Supported by immense personal bureaucracy
2. God status led to building of pyramids
a. Site where mummified pharaoh awaited next life
b. Pyramids’ immensity showed Old Kingdom’s power
3. Old Kingdom ended under exhaustion from building projects, crop failure,
increased taxes
4. Tribes (nomes) fought civil wars
a. First Intermediary Period, c. 2200-2050 B.C.E.
b. Massive misery for population
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C. The Middle Kingdom, c. 2050-1800 B.C.E.
1. Pharaohs restored order from Thebes
a. Promoted welfare of common people
b. Wealth spent on public works: pyramids, irrigation
2. The Second Intermediate Period (c.1800-1570 B.C.E.)
3. Civil wars, invasion of Semitic Hyksos from Palestine ended Middle Kingdom
D. The New Kingdom or Empire, c. 1570-1090 B.C.E.
1. Eighteenth Dynasty pharaohs mastered Hyksos methods, weapons, repelled
invaders
2. Hatshepsut first woman ruler of Egypt
a. Put down stepson, Thutmose III, for twenty years
b. Held all royal titles until death
3. Thutmose III and Amenhotep III expanded Empire to Euphrates River
4. Religion power struggle during reign of Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton) led to sharp
decline
a. Reputed to be first monotheist ruler
b. Vassals defected, including Hebrews
5. Generals gained power after rise of Tutankhamen
a. Attempt to restore power in Near East
b. Rameses II (c. 1290-1224 B.C.E.) last period of grandeur, Hebrew exodus
E. Third Intermediate Period, 1090-332 B.C.E.
1. Transition period with separate dynasties in Upper, Lower, and central Egypt
2. Some revival under Twenty-Sixth Dynasty (663-525 B.C.E.)
a. Expelled Assyrians
b. Achieved creative period in art and literature
c. Pharaoh Necho II built first Egyptian navy, dug canal between Nile River and
Red Sea, and sought new trade routes to Africa
F. Nubia and the Kingdom of Kush
1. Nubia region extended about 900 miles from Aswan to Khartoum, engaged in
trade, conflict and intermarriage with Egyptians
2. Kush, south of Nubia
a. Traded with Egypt and African societies
b. Sometimes under Egyptian control
c. King Piye and successors ruled Egypt as Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (8th c. B.C.E.)
d. Absorbed into Aksum, c. 400 C.E.
G. Egyptian Society and Economy
1. Highly stratified society; most were peasants subject to forced labor
2. People could rise in rank through service to the pharaoh
3. Scribes assumed positions as priests, doctors, engineers
4. Artistic, legal evidence indicated that Egyptian women enjoyed many rights
5. Pharaoh dominated economy; state-controlled production, commerce
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