Instructions for use Title THE MARINE ALGAE OF SOUTHERN SAGHALIEN Author(s) TOKIDA, Jun ...

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Title THE MARINE ALGAE OF SOUTHERN SAGHALIEN
Author(s) TOKIDA, Jun
Citation MEMOIRS OF THE FACULTY OF FISHERIES HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY, 2(1), 1-264
Issue Date 1954-12
Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/21817
Type bulletin (article)
File Information 2(1)_P1-264.pdf

Instructions for use
Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP
TI-IE MARINE ALGAE OF SOUTI-IERN SAGI-IALIEN
Jun TOKIDA
Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, Hakodate, Japan
INTRODUCTION
Historical survey. The first scientific record on the marine vegetation along the
coast of the Island of Saghalien is found in the description by Milet-Mureau in the
report on the expedition under the French Commander La Perouse in 1787 (d. Ruprecht,
1851, p. 204). In his description, special attention was paid to the marine plants in
connection with the solution of the interesting and important problem, whether Saghalien
is an i<;land or a peninsula. It is mentioned that, if Saghalien be an island, the marine
area laying between the mouth of the Amur and de-Castri Bay is so shallow that the
bottom covered by sea-grasses is readily exposed to the air in ebb-tide, and only while
the tide is high one can row a small boat pushing its way through or over the heavy
bush of the sea-grasses. It is al<;o mentioned that a rich vegetation of various kinds
of seaweeds is found in this arm of the sea. Bory de St. Vincent (1828) gives brief
notes about the marine vegetation of the western coast of Saghalien on the basis of
the materials and specimens brought back by the expedition under La Perouse, which
he had the opportunity to examine, and also notes about that of the eastern coast
on the basis of the report of the expedition under the Russian Commander Krusenstern
in 1805. In his notes, which are cited by Ruprecht (1851, p. 204), nothing is said
about individual species. Krusenstern, Captain of the Nadeshda, arrived at Nagasaki
on October 9, 1804. On his return way from Nagasaki to Kamtschatka, he pas<;ed
the Strait of La Perouse (Soya) from west to east on April 3, 1805, sailed the Nadeshda
into Aniwa Bay and landed at Otomari. Next day he weighed anchor and went
round the Cape of Nakashiretoko northward, landing on his way at Airup (Airo) and
on the coast of Pati('mce Bay (Taraika-Wan). Continuing his voyage northward
along the eastern coa<;t of the island, he arrived at last at Petropavlovsk on April 26.
Tilesius and Horner, who had joined this expedition as scientists, made collections
of seaweeds at those landing spots in Saghalien. Their specimens from •S aghalien
were classified and published together with those from other localities by Turner
(1809), C. Agardh (1812, 1822), Postels & Ruprecht (1840) and Ruprecht (1851). The
following seven <;pecies and one variety were the whole of the marine algae which had
been known from Saghalien up to the time of Ruprecht:
1. Tichocarpus crinitus (Gmelin) Ruprecht (Syn. Fucus crinitus Gmel.). Accord
ing to Ruprecht (1851, p. 320), "Ein Exemplar von Tilesius (dem ReisegeHihrten
Horners) in Stephan's Herbarium ist mit "Sachalin" bezeichnet und dieser Ort ist
- 1 -
Mem. Fac. Fish., Hokkaido Univ. [II, 1
in Agardh's Algen-Decaden fUr dieselbe Pflanze von Tilesius aufgeflirt, .... "
2. Fucus evanescens Ag. As to the habitat of his species, Agardh (1820, p. 920)
writes: "Ad Sachalien, THesius: ad Kamtschatka, Chamisso."
3. Chondrus platynus (Ag.) J. Ag. Under the name Halymenia platyna Ag.,
Agardh (1822, p. 206) states: "Ad insulam Sachalien invenit Tilesius, qui specimen
misit." It is also stated by Ruprecht (1851, p. 310';) that, "Als Halymenia platyna Ag.
sind in Mertens' Herb. X, 289 drei Exemplare aufbewahrt ; eines scheint aus derselben
QueUe (Tilesius) abzustammen; die zwei anderen von Horner aus Kamtschatka (ob
nicht auch aus Sachalin?) sind als Fucus cariolosus Mert. bezeichnet, .... "
4. Odonthalia corymbifera (Gmel.) J. Ag. Ruprecht (1851, p. 412) states:
"In Mertens' Herbarium (XV, 426, B) fand ich spater zwei Rasen der Atomaria corymbi
fera Gmel. mit beiderlei Frlichten unter dem Namen Fucus calamistratus Wormsk.
aus Kamtschatka (also Awatschabai) von Horner mitgebracht .... Ich vermuthc,
daB diese Excmplare, so wie jene von Tichocarpus, aus Sachalin stammen."
5. Alaria fistulosa Post. et Rupr. Postels & Ruprecht (1840, p. 11) state:
"Secundum observationes Tilcsii quoque obvenit ad Kamtschatka prope candelabrum
marinum (majak) et in sinu cancrorum (rakowaja buchta), item juxta insulas Kuriles
ad Sachalin usque."
6. CystophyUum geminatum (Ag.) J. Ag. Ruprecht (1851, p. 347) states: "die
in Mertens' Herbarium V, 124 (Fucus Lepidium Mert.) mit deT Bezeichnung 'e mari
glacia]i' und 'Insul. Kuril.' sich vorfindenden Exemplare, scheinen von Krusenstern's
Reise und eher aus Sachalin abzustammen."
7. Halosaccion saccatum Klitz. Under the name Dumontia hydrophora Post.
et Rupr., Postels & Ruprecht (1840, p. 19) state: "Ad Kamtschatka vulgaris in conchis
et saxis; etiam ad insulam Sachalin sec. 1 ilesius .. ,
7a. Halosaccion glandiforme vaT. crassum Rupr. As to the habitat of his variety,
Ruprecht (1851, p. 292) writes: "M. Ochot. Kamtsch. orient.-Sachalin ?"
In 1889, J. G. Agardh reported the following three species of Sargassum which
are said to have been collected by Navarcha Fenger in Saghalien Island near the
mouth of the Amur :
8. Sargassum patens Ag. J. Agardh (1889, p. 56) states: "In mari Japonico; ad
insulam Sachalin extra ostia Amuris : Navarcha Fenger."
9. Sargassum Horneri Ag. Under the names Sargassum spathulatum J. Ag.
and Sargassum Fengeri J. Ag., J. Agardh (1889, p. 58 & 59) states respectively:
"Corea, Insula Sachalin, Japonia", and "ad insulam Sachalin extra ostia Amuris
legit Navarcha Fenger."
to. Sargassum Ringg()ldianum Harv. Under the name Sargassum Coreanum
J. Ag., J. Agardh (1889, p. 58-59) states: "ad oras Coreae (Herb. Crouan) ad ostis
Amuris Navarcha Fenger."
Of these ten species, which seem to have been the whole of the marine algal
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1954J Tokida: Marine Algae of S. Saghalien
species known from Saghalien at the end of the nineteenth century, Sargassum patens
and s. Ringgoldianum are warm-temperate species, being distributed along the Japan
Sea coast of Honshu as far north as Provo Mutsu and Ugo respectively. The latter
is known to be distributed also in the Pacific side as far north as Provo Kushiro,
Hokkaido, the former has not yet been reported from Hokkaido. As compared with
them, Sargassum Horneri seems to be more adaptable to colder waters and is fairly
common in Hokkaido ; but it is not represented in the collections of Saghalien algae in
the writer's hand. The specimens of these three species of Sargassum collected by
Fenger near the mouth of the Amur must have been floating detached ones, conveyed
then' by currents far from thpir growing grounds in certain southern localities.
Excepting them, the remaining seven species are considered to be colder temperate
or subarctic species and are more or less widely spread in southern Saghalien.
It was in the year 1906 that a botanizing expedition covering nearly the whole
coast of southern Saghalien was undertaken in summer by the late Dr. K. Miyabe,
as one of those who were then on the special scientific staff of the Saghalien Civil
Government. So far as the algal collection is concerned, this may be said to be the
first extensive one made in the southern half of the island of Saghalien. The stations
explored were about thirty six in total number, of which twelve are on the western
coast from Pilevo, situated a little north of 50 ON. L., to Cape Nishinotoro, eight on the
coast of Aniwa Bay, from Chishiya to the western side of Cape Nakashiretoko,
and the remaining fourteen on the eastern coast from Airo to Kitafunakoshi (Sorenuiya)
in Kitashiretoko Peninsula. In the same year, a considerable number of interesting
specimens of seaweeds were collected by four other persons: by Mr. Tsutome Miyake,
the co-worker of Dr. Miyabe, at the island of Kaiba-to and several other localities on
the eastern coast of Saghalien, by Mr. Ryu Nakamura at the Danger Reef or "La
Dangereuse" as called by La Perouse or Nijo-iwa in Japanese in the Strait of La
Perouse or Soya and other stations, by Mr. Rainosuke Kubo at Robben Island (Kaihyo
to), and by Mr. Idzumiyama at Otomari and elsewhere. Nearly all the specimens
collected by these gentlemen have been deposited in the Herbarium of the Faculty of
Agriculture, Hokkaido University. A preliminary report on the important land plants
and seaweeds collected in the expedition of southern Saghalien in 1906 was published
in 1907 by Dr. Miyabe and his collaborator Mr. Miyake. Excepting some economic
seaweeds, most of the specimens of marine algae were left untouched for a future study.
A certain number of the species of the collection which belong to the Ord. Fucales
and the genus Alaria were afterwards studied and published by Dr. K. Yendo in his
excellent monographs in 1907 and in 1919 respectively. In 1926, these valuable
speciemns of the Saghalien algae were placed in the writer's hand by Prof. Miyabe
to be worked up for preparing his graduation thesis. Since that year, the writer has
been engaged continually in the investigation of the marine algae of southern Saghalien
under the guidance of Prof. Emer. Miyabe. He undertook botanizing excursions ten
-3
Mem. Fac. Fish., Hokkaido Univ. [II, 1
times in all from 1926 to 1943, namely, in April of 1937, in July of the years 1931
and 1941, in July-August ofthe years 1926, 1930,1932 and 1935, in August-September
of the years 1927 and 1929, and in September-October of 1943. Materials were
also added through the kindness of the members of the staff of the Fisheries Department
of the then Saghalien Government, especially of Mr. Yoshika Saito, and also of those
in the Fisheries Department of the then Saghalien Central Experimental Station,
especially of Mr. Shiro Ishii, ex-Director of the Department. The late Prof. Risuke
Kanno and Mr. Hikoei Ohmi of the then Hakodatc College of Fisheries, Mr. Shosuke
Matsubara of the then Karafuto Kanten Company, Mr. Tadao Morimoto and Mr. Masao
Nakashima who were in Saghalien in those days - these various persons also placed
their valuable collections from various localities in Saghalien at the writer's disposal.
The results of the writer's study on these materials have previously been reported
in part either fragmentally in his "Phycological Observations, I-V" (1934-42) and
other papers, or in short articles such as "The Marine Algae from Robben Island"
(1932 and a supplementary report in 1934) and "List of the Marine Algae of Tobuchi
Lake, Saghalien" (1941).
In the present contribution the writer proposes to enumerate all the species
belonging to the classes of Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae, and also most of the
Chlorophyceae, which are determined to occur on the coast of the southern half of
the Island of Saghalien south of the line of north latitude 50° including both the Island
of Kaiba-to and the Islet of Kaihyo-to. All the other species except only one belonging
to the Cyanophyceae are left undetermined at present for some future study. The
species of these four classes treated in this paper number 182 in all, of which 28 belong
to Chlorophyceae, 66 to Phaeophyceae, 87 to Rhodophyceae, and 1 to Cyanophyceae.
Acknowledgement. The writer is very pleased to express his heartiest thanks at
this opportunity to the late Prof. Emer. Kingo Miyabe, under whose guidance the
present work was carried on; Prof. Miyabe kindly placed in the writer's hand all the
specimens he gathered in many years, and gave permission to use his library freely,
and moreover he kindly read the manuscript of the present work. The writer desires
further to make acknowledgement of his indebtedness to Prof. Emer. Seiya Ito and Prof.
Yoshihiko Tochinai for their kind advices and encouragement throughout the course
of the present investigation. To Prof. Yukio Yamada, the writer is much indebted
for his kind permission to make free use of his library. He feels very grateful to the late
Prof. W. A. Setchell of Berkeley and to the late Prof. H. Kylin of Lund for examining
certain specimens and returning notes for his guidance, and also to Dr. Elena S. Sinova
of Leningrad and to Dr.T. Arwidsson of Stockholm, both of whom were generous enough
to share some of their valuable specimens. To all the gentlemen who were before the
end of the recent war connected with the Fishery Department of Saghalien Government
and of the Saghalien Central Experimental Station and also of the Karafuto Kanten
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1954] Tokida: Marine Algae of S. Saghalien
Company, as well as to Mr. Tadao Morimoto and Mr. Masao Nakashima, who helped
the writer in various ways for acquiring rich materials, he returns his most sincere
thanks. His cordial thanks are also due to the late Proi. Emer. Shigeo Sasa of the
then Hakodate College of Fisheries, Prof. Emer. Roji Miyake of our University, Mr.
Sataro Murayama, Mr. Shiro Ishii (both ex-Directors of the Fisheries Department of
the just-mentioned Station), and Mr. Ch6saku Suzuki (Director of the Rarafuto Ranten
Company), who all afforded the writer many facilities for his botanizing trips in
Saghalien. For pecuniary aid by which the expeditions in 1935, 1941 and 1943 were
supported, the writer's cordial thanks are due to the Hattori H6k6 Rai, the Education
Ministry, and to the Science Promoting Society respectively. Thanks are also due
to Dr. Misao Tatewaki, the late Mr. Risuke Ranno, Dr. Masaji Nagai, Mr. Takeshi
Hattori, Dr. Hiroyuki Hirose, Mr. Hikoei Ohmi, Mr. Tomitaro Masaki, Mr, Hiroshi Yabu
and other colleagues {or assistance at many points. To all of these getlemen, the writer
offers his sincere thanks.
GENERAL PART
1. Localities
The localities where the materials of the present work were collected are 67 in total
number, of which one, Pilevo, is exceptionally situated a little north beyond 50° N. L.
The following table shows their names, arranged for convenience' sake in a geographical
order from north to '>outh on the Japan Sea coast, from west to east on the coast of
Aniwa Bay, and from south to north on the Ochotsk Sea coast. The site of these
localities is shown in Fig. 1.
Table I. List of the names of the collecting localities in the current designations,ll
accompanied with the Japanf'se equivalents, original names, and those adopted in
the map in FR. SCHMIDT'S Flora Sachalinensis (1868).
deCsiugrarnetniot ns Original names2) Names Sina cthhael inmeanps isi n Flora
Japan Sea:
Pilevo Porokotan Porokotan (Pil-wo)
Ambetsu Amo-pesh
Sokorai
Nayoshi Noya-ush-i F. Najassi
Ushiro
Kushunnai Kushu-un-nai P. Kussun-nai
Tomarioru Tomari-oro F. Tomarioro-nai
Rakuma Rak-ma-ka
Maoka Ma-o-ka Endungomo (Tunai, Mauka)
Hirochi Piroro-chi Pirotzi
Chinehira Chinom-pira
Honto Pon-to-kesh-i
Minaminayoshi Noya-ush-i
Muitomari Moire-tomari Moiri-tomari
- 5-
Mem. Fac. Fish., Hokkaido Univ. [II, 1
Kaiba-to (island) i'fit ,~ 1fl; Todo-mosiri M. Monneroll (Tontomussire)
Yenchishi 11 ~ ;5; Wen-chish C. Ven-tisse
Soni = 1= So-un-i Ssoni
:>K
Hishitoma ~ 7!5 Pesh-uturu-orna-nai
Shiranushi S .:Eo Sirara-un-ush-i Ssiranussi
Nishinotoro (cape) gU!l~g Noto-oro C. Notoro (Crillon)
SoNyiaj oS-itwraai t: -- :t ;g Krilion DanSgterar sRsee eLf aopre r"oLuase D : angereuse"
(after La Perouse)
Aniwa Bav:
lshiharna ;G ~ Chisu-yanke-nai
CNhoibsohriiy a ~ -~~~±, '§ CPehsihsh-s-ayma C. Nubori-Endurn
Dorokawa, Tomariwo i'JBiII, 7a~ Tomari-ounai
Otomari *- 7a Poro-an-tomari
Merei 17:. 111 Me-rui
Otai /J\ EB ;Jt. Ota-i
Nagaharna ~ ~ Chip-san-i Tipessani
Tobuchi-ko (lagoon) 11 Ii itIl Tobutchi B. Busse (Tobozji)
Kochobetsu WJ }lU Kochi-o-pet Kotschubiss
Naion P3 'ff Nai-om-nai
Akaiwa ?Jft ;g Fure-surna
Yarnan 00i frljj Ya-orna-pet
Satta ;l:L ~ Sat-to-po
Shiraiwa S ;g
Chikatomari i1f: 1S
N aka-Shiretoko8)( cape) q:. ~ * Sir-etoko C. Ssire-toko (Aniwa)
Ochotsk Sea :
Hota 1* ~ Pon-ota-nai
Miuabetsu {If }lU Mena-pet
Aira ~ el) Ai-rup C. Tonyn (Airup)
Tonnai Ii P3 To-un-nai-cha
Taba-ko(marsh) P,\: m itIl To-pa
Ondo-ko(lagoon) ~ ifo.I itIl Om-to
Ochibo •~ ~R. O-cheh-pok-ka Otschepoko
Rorei -tL Rura-i
Sakaeharna ~ ~ Shuschu-ush-nai
Naibuchi •P3 ~ Nai-buchi
Higashishiraura S TIl! Sirara-ka or Ssiraroro
Sirara-oro
Waare ~ $ill Wa-rewe-nai
Maguntan ,~ ~ ylli Mak-un-kotan Magun-kotan
Mototomari •5G -= 7a Mo-tornari
Higashisaya :>K :tt So-ya
Kashiho ~• 1* Kashpo-ush-i Kaspi
Higashishiru torn ~ J& Sir-uturu
Unetonnai PiA Ii P3 U ne-to-un-nai
Nairo P3 jlt Nai-oro Naioro
Shikuka !Jc 1!l' Si-ka Ssiska
Taraika-ko (lagoon) ~ 7*IO aitil Tarai-ke Taraika-See
Taraika
~ 1m H
Jimutaki 1= Ti Jirnudagei
Noto ~!l ~
Chiriye flt iI Chiri-a-san
Kitafunakoshi :li; IS ~ Mun-ush-pe
Kaihya-ta (islet) i'fit ~ lib Atui-ya-mosiri Robben lnsel
Kitashiretoko (cape) :li; ~ * Sino-siretoko C. der Geduld (Ssino-Ssiretoku,
Taraika etw.)
Yaman JH i'i lomande-ush-i
1) At the time before the end of the recent war.
2) All of these original names are of Aino origin, except "Jimudap:ei" which is of Gilyak
and Orok origin.
3) The west side of Cape Nakashiretoko in the vicinity of Kirara-Saki (Suryugu) and
Moi was explored by Prof. MrYABE in 1906.
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[954J Tokida: Marine Algae of S. Saghalien
141
50 50
49 49
JAPAN
.,: ;'
,"1
48
41 47
Kaiba.P
4(;
NijO-iwa.
SOYA STRAIT
141 142 144 145
Fig. 1. Map showing the site of the collecting localities.
-7-
Mem. Fac. Fish., Hokkaido Univ. [II, 1
2. Topographical and Oceanographical Notes
The Island of Saghalien extends north and south between 45°53'3W and S4°2S'SO"N.
lat. and lies between 141°37'50" and 144°45'E. long. The southernmost point is at
Cape Nishinotoro, the north
ernmost at Cape Elizavetui, the
----> Warm current
ColA current westernmost at Cape Lyak near
==(>
the narrowest portion of the
SLImmer
Mamiya Strait, and the eastern
most at Cape Kitashiretoko.
The westernmost point in the
southern half of the Island
below SooN. lat. is at Cape
Kenushi, 141°48'50"E. long.
The Island of Kaiba-to lies
between 141°13' and 141 °16'E.
long. and the Krilion Danger
Reef or Nijo-Iwa(or Nijo-Gan)
in Soya Strait at 45°47'40·N.
lat.
Southern Saghalien is un
der the influence of three ocean
currents, namely the Tsushima
Warm Current, and the Liman
and the Karafuto Cold Curren
ts (d. Fig. 2, A & B). The
distal reaches of the Tsushima
Current wash in summer the
shore of Kaiba-to, the western
coast from Muitomari north
ward up to beyond the 50th
degree's boundary, the shore
of Aniwa Bay and the eastern
coast as far north as Taraika
Fig. 2. Map showing the ocean currents in summer
and autumn, and the isotherms of surface Bay, while the current does not
water in August
A. After Uda (1936, Fig. 29 b) and the map run across the Strait of Soya
published bu the Saghalien Government.
in winter except along the
B. After Uda (1935, Fig. 49 b) and the map
published by the Saghalien Government. Ochotsk Sea coast of Hokkai
C. After Uda (1935, Fig. 3 a).
D. After Makarov, 1894. do. On the other hand, the
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1954J Tokida: Marine Algae of S. Saghalien
cold currents prevail of course along the whole coast in winter, while they become
deep undercurrents in summer, being replaced by the warm current in surface
layers. The deep cold under-currents appear to dash at coastal banks near the
promontories of Cape Ushiro, Cape Nishinotoro and Cape Minabetsu, and upwelling cold
water patches have been observed at these points. According to the observations of
the Fishery Bureau of the Saghalien Government in July 1906 (Wada, 1907), the
surface temperature of the sea-water near Cape Ushiro and Cape Minabetsu was 10°C.
and 8-IO°C. respectively, while it was 16°C. near Maoka and 16--18°C. in Taraika
Bay. However, a special datum has not been known yet to prove the influence of
the low temperature on the marine vegetation at these two capes, where the writer
has had no chance to explore. On the other hand, the lowness of the surface tem
perature of the upwelling water patches in the vicinity of Cape Nishinotoro and the
Krilion Danger Reef is more remarkable; it is said to be 6--80C. in midsummer (Wada,
1907, p. 14) or 3.8--6°C. in August (Matsudaira & Yasui, 1935, p. 498). This Krilion
Cold Water Patch was first described by Makarov (1894), and has lately been fully
explained by Matsudaira & Yasui (1935). Dr. Miyabe informed the writer that he had
once witnessed during his tour around the coast of Saghalien in 1906, violent upwell
ings of the cold water from the lower layers off the south coast of Cape Nishinotoro,
which must have orinigated from the under-current in the Japan Sea flowing
toward the east. According to Matsudaira & Yasui (1935), the upwelling water
(temperature 3.8--6°C., salinity 33.5% at 0 m.) between Cape Nishinotoro and the Nijo-
Table II. The average surface temperatures (OC.) of the sea-water for each month
of certain years observed at several stations in southern Saghalien.
--~------" -
~tationl Mao:a~1
Honto Shikuka
Mont~
Jan -1.1 -0.7 -1.2 -1.4 -1.5 -1.8
Feb -1.1 -1.0 -1.4 -1·4 -1.4 -1.3
Mar 0.48 0.6 -0.6 -1.0 -0.5
Apr 3.1 3.0 1.7 1.7 -0.05 2.3
May 6.4 5.5 4.0 5.0 ,1.5 4.0 6.7
Jun 9.9 8.4 8.0 10.2 10.1 9.9 10.5
Jul 15.2 13.6 10.8 15.3 10.1 13.6 15.6
Aug 17.7 16.9 13.3 17.6 16.5 15.4 17.3
Sep 15.7 14.5 12.7 16.2 16.9 12.6 14.6
Oct 9.4 9.8 8.7 10.9 10.0 7.4 7.6
Nov 4.6 4.8 4.3 4.9 3.1 1.6 1.3
Dec 1.3 1.3 1.5 -0.8 0.5 1.2 -1.5
----------",------+-------'~------\------\--------+---~'------.------
1938 1938 1933 1932 1930 1940 1937
Year 19~1 19~1 19~2 I I
193b 19k1 1942 1940
I I I
Max. temp. \ 22.8 22.6 16.0 26.0 16.93 17.3 23.4
observed in in Mean for in Mean for Mean for ill
Aug. '38 Aug. '38 Aug. '39 Aug. '38 Sep. '30 Aug. '40 Aug. '38
I I I I
Literature Jour. of Jour. of oceanogr·1 Jour. of \ Kanno & oceanogr.1 Jour. of
Oceanogr. Oceanogr. Invest. Oceanogr. Mat~~g~ra Invest. Oceanogr.
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