Instructional Technology and Media for Learning

365 Pages·2013·68.64 MB·English

by  Sharon Smaldino

Instructional Technology
and Media for Learning
Smaldino Lowther Russell
Tenth Edition
ISBN 10: 1-292-02199-3
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02199-7
Pearson Education Limited
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ISBN 10: 1-292-02199-3
ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02199-7
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Printed in the United States of America
11112223248146926811933577393993
P E A R S O N C U S T O M L I B R AR Y
Table of Contents
Glossary
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 1
1. Exploring 21st Century Learning
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 9
2. Understanding 21st Century Learners
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 29
3. Integrating Technology and Media into Instruction: The Assure Model
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 49
4. Achieving 21st Century Learning Environments
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 83
5. Engaging Learners with Computers
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 113
6. Connecting Learners with Web 2.0 Tools
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 143
7. Connecting Learners at a Distance
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 165
8. Using Multimedia to Engage Learners
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 197
9. Enhancing Learning with Visuals
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 227
10. Enhancing Learning with Audio
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 263
11. Enhancing Learning with Video
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 289
12. Preparing for Tomorrow's Challenges
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 313
I
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Appendix: Lesson Scenario Chart
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 329
Appendix: Equipment Safety and Tips
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 331
References
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 341
National Educational Technology Standards
Sharon E. Smaldino/Deborah L. Lowther/James D. Russell 345
Index 347
II
Glossary
A speculating about mental events that may mediate
Acceptable Use Policy (AUP) An agreement among stu- learning.
dents, parents/guardians, and school administrators re- Bit An acronym for binary digit; the smallest unit of digital
garding appropriate use of the Internet. information. The bit can be thought of as a 1 or a 0 repre-
Acetate A transparent plastic sheet associated with over- senting a circuit on or off, respectively.
head projection. Blended instruction A combination of e-learning with live,
Advance organizer An outline, preview, or other such face-to-face instruction.
preinstructional cue used to promote retention of verbal Blog Web log serving as a publicly accessible personal
material, as proposed by David Ausubel. Also known as journal for an individual.
preinstructional strategies. Bridge An electronic system that joins telephone calls
Affective domain The domain of human learning that in- from all participating locations in an audio teleconfer-
volves changes in interests, attitudes, and values and the ence, equalizes the sound levels, fi lters out extraneous
development of appreciation. noises, and takes care of disconnections.
Alt-tag Alternative textual descriptions to provide brief Bulletin board Computer system used as an information
descriptions of graphics or images. source and message posting system for a particular inter-
Analogical visuals Visuals that convey a concept or topic est group.
by showing something else and implying a similarity. Byte The number of bits required to store or represent one
Analogous colors Any two colors that lie next to one an- character of text (a letter or number); most commonly,
other on the color wheel. Contrasted with complemen- but not always, made up of eight bits in various combina-
tary colors. tions of 0s and 1s.
Animation A technique in which the artist gives motion to
still images by creating and juxtaposing a series of pic- C
tures with small, incremental changes from one to the Cable modem A television cable connection that provides
next. very high-speed access to the Internet.
Applications Games, simulations, tutorials, problem-s olving Cartoon Line drawing that is a rough caricature of real or
programs, productivity software, and graphic software fi ctional people, animals, or events.
programs. Central processing unit (CPU) The core element of a com-
Arrangement The overall look or pattern of a visual. puter that carries out all the calculations and controls the
Assistive technology Devices and software designed spe- total system.
cifi cally for those with learning or physical disabilities. Chart Visual representation of abstract relationships.
Asynchronous Not at the same time. Clip art Prepared visual images (drawings and digital pic-
Audio literacy Understanding the role of hearing and lis- tures) that can be inserted into digital documents and
tening in learning. presentations.
Audio teleconference A teleconference involving trans- Cloth board A display surface made of fabric for temporar-
mission of voices only. The voices are amplifi ed at each ily adhering materials with cloth or sandpaper backing.
end by a speaker system. Cloud computing System in which applications are avail-
Auditory fatigue The process by which attention to a able through networked computers to distribute greater
sound gradually decreases because of the monotony of access to processing power and applications.
the sound. Cognitive domain The domain of human learning involv-
Augmented reality (AR) Combining real-world data with ing intellectual skills, such as assimilation of information
virtual data. or knowledge.
Authentic assessment Evaluation that is usually perfor- Cognitivism A theory according to which mental process-
mance based and that requires students to demonstrate es mediate learning and learning entails the construction
their learning in a natural context. or reshaping of mental schemata.
Collaborative A sharing or cooperative nature of an
B experience.
Balance A psychological sense of equilibrium. Community of practice A group of educators from across
Behaviorism A theory that equates learning with changes the nation and around the world who have common
in observable behavior; with this theory, there is no goals and share ideas and resources.
From Glossary of Instructional Technology and Media for Learning, 10/e. Sharon E. Smaldino. Deborah L. Lowther. James D. Russell.
Copyright © 2012 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
1
Complementary colors Any two colors that lie directly op- Decode To comprehend information that is presented.
posite one another on the color wheel. Contrasted with Digital image An image that is not stored on fi lm or pro-
analogous colors. cessed like fi lm, but rather stored on disk or on a com-
Compressed video Video images that have been processed puter using digital numbers to represent the image.
to remove redundant information, thereby reducing the Digital recording A recording process in which analog in-
amount of bandwidth required to transmit them. Because formation is encoded in binary form before being saved
only changes in the image are transmitted, movements onto the recording medium.
appear jerky compared with full-motion video. Digital subscriber line (DSL) A telephone line that pro-
Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) Instruction delivered vides very-high-speed access to the Internet.
directly to learners by allowing them to interact with les- Digital video Video recording technology that stores video
sons programmed into the computer system. images as strings of binary numbers.
Computer conferencing Connecting two or more com- Digital video editing Taking apart and putting back to-
puters together for textual and/or graphical information gether video segments using a computer and associated
exchange. software.
Computer laboratory A room set apart from regular class- Diorama A static display employing a fl at background and
rooms and furnished with multiple computers, usually three-dimensional foreground to achieve a lifelike effect.
established in schools that do not have computers in in- Discovery A teaching strategy that proceeds as follows:
dividual classrooms. immersion in a real or contrived problem situation, de-
Computer-managed instruction (CMI) The use of a com- velopment of hypotheses, testing of hypotheses, and ar-
puter system to manage information about learner perfor- rival at conclusion (the main point).
mance and learning resources and to then prescribe and Discussion A teaching strategy involving the exchange of
control individual lessons. ideas and opinions.
Computer platform Different types of computer operating Display An array of objects, visuals, and printed materials.
systems, such as Mac OS, Unix, or Windows. Distance education Any instructional situation in which
Consistency Characteristic of a series of visuals that have a learners are separated in time or space from the point of
similar arrangement of elements. origination, characterized by limited access to the teach-
Constructivism A theory that considers the engagement er and other learners.
of students in meaningful experiences as the essence of Distance learning An instructional situation in which stu-
learning. dents learn via telecommunications.
Cooperative learning An instructional confi guration in- Documentary A video program that deals with fact, not
volving small groups of learners working together on fi ction or fi ctionalized versions of fact.
learning tasks rather than competing as individuals. Document camera A video camera mounted on a copy
Copyright Regulations that describe the manner in which stand to show documents, pictures, graphics, and real
an original work can be used and copied. Copyright laws objects to groups.
regulate the manner in which authors or artists can be Download To transfer programs or data fi les from a com-
reimbursed for their creative work. puter to another device or computer; to retrieve some-
Course Management Tool (CMT) Software designed to thing from a network.
make it easier for teachers to use resources in the dis- Drawing Graphic arrangement of lines to represent per-
tance learning system, such as the discussion board, test sons, places, things, and concepts.
options, and grade book. Drill-and-practice A teaching strategy in which learners
Courseware Lessons delivered via computer, consisting of are led through a series of exercises or problems and
content conveyed according to an instructional design given feedback.
controlled by programmed software. DVD See Digital videodisc.
Cyberlearning The use of Web 2.0 networked computing
E
and communication technologies to support learning.
Cyberlearning literacy The knowledge and skills neces- Educational gaming A competitive environment in which
sary to successfully use technology tools. learners follow prescribed rules as they strive to attain a
challenging goal.
D Electronic learning (e-learning) Internet-based learning.
Database A collection of related information organized for Components can include content delivery in multiple
quick access to specifi c items of information. formats, management of the learning experience, and a
Glossary
2
networked community of learners, content developers, Flip chart A pad of large paper fastened together at the top
and experts. E-learning provides faster learning at reduced and mounted on an easel.
costs, increased access to learning materials, and clear ac-
countability for all participants in the learning process. G
Electronic mail (email) Transmission of private messages Gateway A computer that interconnects and makes trans-
over a computer network; users can send mail to a single lations between two different types of networks. Also
recipient or broadcast it to multiple users on the system. called a portal.
Electronic portfolio (e-portfolio) A digital collection of stu- General literacy The ability of a student to comprehend
dent work that demonstrates progress in learning as shown or decode information and to use, transform, and create
in student self-refl ections of the portfolio contents. new information.
Electronic whiteboard A display surface that “captures” GB See Gigabyte.
digitally anything written on it. Gigabyte (GB) Approximately one million bytes, or 1,000
Emoticon An email symbol generated from punctuation megabytes.
marks. Graph Visual representation of numerical data.
Encode To express an idea to others.
Enrichment centers An area that offers stimulating learning H
experiences for students who have completed required Hardware The mechanical and electronic components
classroom activities. that make up a computer; the physical equipment that
Entry tests Assessments, both formal and informal, to deter- makes up a computer system, and, by extension, the term
mine if students possess desired identifi ed prerequisites. that refers to any audiovisual equipment.
Exhibit A display incorporating various media formats Hearing A physiological process in which sound waves
(e.g., realia, still pictures, models, graphics) into an inte- entering the outer ear are transmitted to the eardrum,
gral whole intended for instructional purposes. converted into mechanical vibrations in the middle ear,
and changed in the inner ear to nerve impulses that travel
F
to the brain.
Fair use Basic criteria by which an educator may deter- HTTP See Hypertext transfer protocol.
mine if it is appropriate to use copyrighted materials in a Hybrid instruction See Blended instruction.
classroom setting. Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) The web protocol that
Feedback (electronic) The regeneration of sound caused ensures compatibility before transferring information.
by a system’s microphonic pickup of output from its own
speakers, causing a ringing sound or squeal. In commu- I
nication, signals sent from the destination back to the Iconic Any referent that resembles the thing it represents.
source that provide information about the reception of ILS See Integrated learning system.
the original message. Informal learning An instructional setting that provides
Feedback (learner) Information provided to the learner students with opportunities to learn from experiences
regarding correctness of performance and suggestions for outside of the classroom.
improvement. Information Knowledge, facts, news, comments, and content
Fiber optics A transmission medium using spun silicon as presented in memos, lectures, textbooks, or websites.
shaped into threads as thin as human hair. It transmits Information literacy The ability to use a range of critical
more signals with higher quality than can metal cables. thinking and problem-solving skills to effectively partici-
Field trip An excursion outside the classroom to study real pate in today’s society.
processes, people, and objects. Information processing Approaches used to learn
File server In local area networks, a station dedicated to information.
providing fi le and mass data storage services to the other Instruction Deliberate arrangement of experience(s) to
stations on the network. help learners achieve a desirable change in performance;
Firewall Intranet software that prevents external users from the management of learning, which in education is pri-
accessing a proprietary network, while allowing internal marily the function of the teacher.
users access to external networks. Instructional material Specifi c items used within a lesson
Flash drive USB minidrive; a form of removable stor- that infl uence student learning.
age device that allows the user to store fi les outside the Instructional technology Hardware, software, and/or
computer. processes to facilitate learning.
Glossary
3
Integrated learning system (ILS) A set of interrelated com- Log-on The process of entering a specifi c name and pass-
puter-based lessons organized to match the curriculum word to access online materials.
standards.
M
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) A network
that provides high-speed access to the Internet using digi- Magnetic board A display surface made of metal for tem-
tal communication. porarily adhering materials with magnetic backing.
Interest center A type of learning center that stimulates Manipulative Object that can be viewed and handled in a
new interests and encourages creativity by exposing stu- learning setting.
dents to new topics that will be covered in later class MB See Megabyte.
lessons. Media See Medium.
Internet radio A system used for broadcasting online pro- Media centers School facilities that offer traditional library
grams over the Internet. reading resources as well as a variety of information tech-
Interpersonal domain The domain of learning that in- nology assets.
volves interaction among people and the ability to relate Media format The physical form in which a message is in-
effectively with others. corporated and displayed. Examples include fl ip charts,
Interpretive visuals Visuals that illustrate theoretical or ab- photographic prints, audio, video, and computer multi-
stract relationships. media.
Media literacy The ability to interpret and produce a wide
variety of media, including text, audio, visuals, and vid-
K
eo, which are often combined to form multimedia.
KB See Kilobyte.
Medium A means of communication. Derived from the
Keystone effect The distortion (usually creating a wide top
Latin medium (“between”), the term refers to anything
and narrow bottom) of a projected image caused when
that carries information between a source and a receiver.
the projector is not aligned at right angles to the screen.
Plural: media.
Kilobyte (KB or K) Approximately 1,000 bytes; more pre-
Megabyte (MB or M) Basic unit of measurement of mass
cisely, 1,024 bytes.
storage.
Memory Element of a computer that stores information for
L
manipulation by the CPU.
Learning A general term for a relatively lasting change in ca- Metacognition Knowledge of and thinking about one’s
pability caused by experience; also, the process by which own thinking process.
such change is brought about. See also Behaviorism and Mock-up Representation of a complex device or process.
Cognitivism for different interpretations of learning. Model A three-dimensional representation of a real object;
Learning center A self-contained environment designed it may be larger, smaller, or the same size as the thing
to promote individual or small-group learning around a represented.
specifi c task. Motivation An internal state that leads people to choose to
Learning communities Student and teacher use of elec- pursue certain goals and experiences.
tronic connectedness to share ideas, engage in inquiry, Motor skill domain The category of human learning that
and search for additional information. involves athletic, manual, and other physical action
Learning objective See Objective. skills.
Learning style A cluster of psychological traits that de- MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3) A format for compression of
termine how a person perceives, interacts with, and re- audio fi les to reduce them into more manageable size,
sponds emotionally to learning environments. especially when using the Internet.
Link An association between two (or more) nonsequential Multimedia Sequential or simultaneous use of a variety of
concepts. In hypermedia, a direct connection between media formats in a given presentation or self-study pro-
two asynchronous items of data. gram. See also Computer multimedia.
Listening A psychological process that begins with some- Multimedia kit A collection of teaching-learning materials
one’s awareness of and attention to sounds or speech pat- involving more than one type of medium and organized
terns, proceeds through identifi cation and recognition of around a single topic.
specifi c auditory signals, and ends in comprehension. Multiple intelligences Theory developed by Howard Gard-
Listening center A learning center especially designed for ner that suggests humans have multiple m ethods of learn-
audio media. ing: verbal/linguistic (language), logical/ mathematical
Glossary
4
(scientifi c/quantitative), visual/spatial, musical/rhythmic, P
body/kinesthetic (dancing/athletics), interpersonal (un- Persistence of vision The psychophysiological phenom-
derstanding other people), intrapersonal (understanding enon that occurs when an image falls on the retina of
oneself), naturalist, and existentialist. the eye and is conveyed to the brain via the optic nerve.
Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) Technology The brain continues to “see” the image for a fraction of a
that allows students to create music by focusing on musi- second after the image is cut off.
cal ideas rather than the mechanics of playing an instru- Personal response system Handheld wireless devices
ment or learning musical notation. (similar to TV remotes) used to collect and graphically
display student answers to teacher questions.
N
Pictures Photographic (or photograph-like) representations
National Education Technology Standards for Students of people, places, and things.
(NETS-S) A document that specifi cally outlines expecta- Place-shift Experiencing instruction at some place away
tions for student use of technology to guide their learning. from the live teacher.
Navigate To move about at will within a hypermedia envi- Podcast Internet-distributed multimedia fi le formatted for
ronment by means of buttons and other onscreen devices. direct download to mobile devices.
Netiquette Guidelines relating to email and other interac- Podcasting Distribution of recorded audio fi les in MP3 for-
tions on the Web. mat over the Internet.
Network A communication system linking two or more Portable digital audio player Device that allows users
computers. to take digital audio fi les with them, such as an Apple
iPod.
O
Portal See Gateway.
Objective A statement of the new capability the learner Portfolio An integrated collection of student work includ-
should possess at the completion of instruction. A well- ing a variety of media to demonstrate progress and ac-
stated objective names the intended audience, then complishments.
specifi es (1) the performance or capability to be learned, Poster A visual combination of images, lines, color, and
(2) the conditions under which the performance is to be words.
demonstrated, and (3) the criterion or standard of accept- Practice Learner participation that increases the probabil-
able performance. ity of learning.
Online learning The result of instruction that is delivered Prerequisites Competencies that learners must possess to
electronically using computer-based media. benefi t from instruction.
Open source Websites that offer free productivity suites (e.g., Presentation An instructional strategy in which a
word processing, spreadsheets, presentation software). source tells, dramatizes, or disseminates information to
Operating system Software that functions as the comput- learners.
er’s interface with the user. Presentation software Computer software used to cre-
Optical disc A type of disc storage device that records and ate attractive graphic displays without specialized
reproduces digital information using a laser beam, e.g., production skills and to display visuals with a digital
CD and DVD. projector.
Oral history Historical documentation of a time, place, or Problem-based learning A process in which students ac-
event by means of recording the spoken recollections of tively seek solutions to structured or ill-structured prob-
participants in those events. lems situated in the real world.
Organizational visuals Visuals that show the qualitative Problem-solving skills Reaching a solution to a novel
relationships among various elements. problem using higher-order thinking skills such as defi n-
Overhead projection Projection by means of a device ing the problem, considering alternatives, and logical
that produces an image on a screen by transmitting light reasoning.
through transparent acetate or a similar medium on the
stage of the projector. The lens and mirror arrangement R
in an elevated housing creates a bright projected image RAM See Random access memory.
over the head or shoulder of the operator. Random access memory (RAM) The fl exible part of com-
Overlay One or more additional transparent sheets with puter memory. The particular program or set of data being
lettering or other information that can be placed over a manipulated by the user is temporarily stored in RAM,
base transparency. then erased to make way for the next program.
Glossary
5