Instituting Environmental Protection: From Red to Green in Poland

356 Pages·1998·47.079 MB·English

by  Daniel H. Cole (auth.)

INSTITUTINGENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Instituting
Environmental
Protection
From Red to Green in Poland
Daniel H. Cole
Professor. Indiana UniversitySchoolofLawatIndianapolis
USA
FirstpublishedinGreatBritain1998by
MACMILLANPRESSLTD
Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireR021 6XSandLondon
Companiesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN 978-1-349-26117-8 ISBN 978-1-349-26115-4(eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-26115-4
FirstpublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica1998by
ST.MARTIN'SPRESS,INC.,
ScholarlyandReferenceDivision,
175FifthAvenue,NewYork,N.Y.10010
ISBN978-0-312-17721-8
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Cole,DanielH.
InstitutingenvironmentalprotectioninPoland:fromredtogreen
inPoland/DanielH.Cole.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-312-17721-8 (cloth)
I.Environmentallaw-Poland. 2.Environmentalpolicy-Poland.
r,Title.
KKP3127.C65 1997
344.438'046-DC21 97-22904
CIP
©DanielH.Cole 1998
Softcoverreprintofthehardcover 1stedition 1998
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withtheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I
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For myfamily
and in memory ofmy grandfather, Harry D. Pierce
Contents
ListofTables. Figures andBoxes x
Acknowledgements xii
Introduction 1
AFailed Promise: Socialist EnvironmentalProtection 1
Subject andObject 3
Marxist Ideology andtheSocialist System 4
Socialist LegalAnalysis 6
The Parameters 7
ARoadmap totheAnalysis 8
1 Poland'sEcologicalCrisis 11
1.1 Pollution andCommunism inPoland 11
1.2 Poland'sGeography, ClimateandResourceBase 12
1.3 Ecological DangerZones 13
1.4 Sources ofPollution inPoland 14
1.5 TheEnvironmental Consequences 16
2 AHistoryofEnvironmentalLawin Poland 24
2.1 Pre-Socialism 24
2.2 1945-60 28
2.3 The 1960s 34
2.4 The 1970s 38
2.5 The 1980Environmental Protectionand
DevelopmentAct 43
2.6 TheAdministrationofEnvironmental Protectionin
Poland: 1980-8 54
2.7 Conclusion 60
3 The 'Enforceability' ofPoland'sEnvironmentalLaws 62
3.1 LawEnforcementandEnforceability 62
3.2 Legal Ambiguities 63
3.3 LaxEnvironmental StandardsinPolishLaw 67
3.4 WeakPenalties 74
3.5 Limited Citizens' Participation Rights 75
3.6 Exceptions thatSwallowed theRules 79
3.7 Conclusion 84
vii
viii Contents
4 EnforcementProblemsI: PartyPolitics 87
4.1 The Under-enforcementofEnvironmentalLaw in
People'sPoland 87
4.2 AbsolutePower, Environmental Corruption 88
4.3 IndustrialInterestsversus EnvironmentalProtection
inthe Party/State'sAdministrativeHierarchy 98
4.4 EnvironmentalLawEnforcementand theJudicial
System 99
4.5 EnvironmentalInformation,State Secrets and
Censorship 106
4.6 Summaryand Conclusion 111
5 EnforcementProblemsII: SocialistEconomics 112
5.1 Introduction toPoland's SocialistEconomic System 112
5.2 Economic Stagnationand theUnder-enforcementof
Environmental Law inPeople'sPoland 126
5.3 The ExtensiveNature ofEconomic Productionunder
Socialism 131
5.4 SystemicImpedimentstoResourceConservation 140
5.5 SocialistProperty Relations, RegulatoryConflicts of
Interestand SoftBudgetConstraints 146
5.6 Conclusion 153
6 TheIdeologicalDimension: Marxismand the
Environment 155
6.1 Introduction 156
6.2 Marx, Engels andLenin ontheRelationship between
Humansand Nature 156
6.3 PropertyRelations inNatural Resources andthe
Means ofProduction 159
6.4 Marx'sLabourTheory ofValue 164
6.5 Marxist-LeninistTheoriesofLaw andtheState 167
6.6 Conclusion: From Marxism toEco-socialism 179
7 EnvironmentalProtectionin Transition 182
7.1 Introduction 182
7.2 Poland's Political-EconomicTransformation 183
7.3 SystemicTransformation,Economic Recessionand
EnvironmentalProtection inPost-CommunistPoland 190
7.4 EnvironmentalPolicies, Systemic Reforms and
PollutionReductions 194
Contents ix
7.5 TheFragmentation andMaturationofPoland'sIndependent
Environmental Movement 214
7.6 TheFutureofEnvironmentalProtectioninPoland 220
8 InstitutionalImplications 224
8.1 Introduction 224
8.2 Extrapolating from thePolishCase 225
8.3 TheAmbiguousGoalof 'Effective' Environmental
Protection 225
8.4 PropertyRights andRegulatoryConflictsofInterest 227
8.5 Valuing Scarcity 238
8.6 TheRuleof(Environmental)Law 240
8.7 IsTherea 'CapitalistImperative' forEnvironmental
Protection? 248
Notes 250
Bibliography 268
I StatutesandRegulations 268
II PolishGovernment andCommunistPartyPublications 277
III BooksandArticles 277
IV Newspapers andPopularMagazines 315
Subject Index 324
AuthorIndex 339
List of Tables, Figures and
Boxes
Table 1.1 Percentageshare ofenvironmentalcosts bysector 22
Table3.1 Comparisonofselectedambientairquality
standardsinPeople'sPolandand the United States
in 1980 69
Table5.1 Average and annual rates ofGNP growth in
People'sPoland, 1965-88 127
Table5.2 Rates ofeconomicgrowth, environmental
investments andsulphurdioxideairpollution
emissionsinPeople'sPoland, 1976-88 128
Table5.3 Averagepercentageofgross national product
investedinenvironmentalprotectioninPolandand
otherselectedcountries, 1971-85 130
Figure5.1 Environmentalstress atdifferentlevels ofeconomic
development 133
Table5.4 Natural resources investedper unit ofnational
productinsocialistEuropeand theEuropean
Communityinthe 1980s 136
Table5.5 Shareoffactor productivityin thegrowth ofoutput:
internationalcomparison 138
Table5.6 Percentagelosses of natural resourcesinthe
extractionprocessinthe USSR 139
Table5.7 The pollution intensityofGDPinsocialistEuropean
countriesand theEC inthe 1980s 139
Table7.1 PercentagechangeinGDP, industrialproduction
and airpollutionemissionsinPoland, 1990-5 192
Table7.2 Generalstructureofexpenses forenvironmental
protection inninesectorsofthePolisheconomy,
1990and 1991 197
Table7.3 Percentagecost increasesfor environmental
protectioninnine Polishindustriesfrom 1990
(mean values) tothe firstterm of1991 198
Table7.4 Pollution intensityofelectricitygenerationinPoland,
1989-91 199
Table7.5 Changesinemissionsfees forselectedair pollutants 200
x
ListofTables, Figures andBoxes xi
Table7.6 Environmentalfines, 1990-3 201
Table7.7 Economic growthand environmental investmentsin
Poland, 1976-93 208
Box 7.1 TheStory ofPoland'sZarnowiecNuclear
PowerPlant 218