Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 13 x 4, October - December 2016

106 Pages·2017·3.55 MB·English

Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 13 x 4, October - December 2016
Editorial
Seven papers form this issue of the ITPI Journal. Prof. Devyani Gangopadhyay and Prof. Sekar
S. P., Ph.D. in their paper titled “An Assessment of Land Use and Development Pattern along a
Urban Rail Transit Corridor in Chennai” argue that urban rail transit system is one of the highly
influencing factors, which along with other co-influencing factors determine development
pattern of an urban area. The paper focuses on exploring impact of mass rail transit on land
use and development pattern in the influence corridor of the transit. Trend of population
densification and change in land use were spatially analyzed over a period of time since the
commencement of rail transit to the present. Parameters influencing growth and development
along the rail transit corridor were identified and pattern of relationships, which exist
between these parameters were explored. Results show that densification near the Central
Business District and rail is an important factor, but the most important factor is market
attractiveness, other being infrastructure and high built up space besides road network.
In the second paper on the topic “From City Resilience to Micro Resilience: A Case Study of
Gorakhpur” Riyan Habeeb and Harshit S. Lakra highlight that there were 103 water bodies in
Gorakhpur that served as natural drainage and provided buffers for storage of flood waters
within the city. With urbanization, most of these water bodies have been filled and less
than a third currently remains. Since a large part of the city’s elevation is below the river,
water logging of lands and periodic flooding is a recurrent phenomenon. In recent years,
due to changes in rainfall, encroachment and in fill of water bodies, and unplanned massive
development activities, water logging problem has been compounding and worsening. Taking
the case study of Gorakhpur, the authors show that the city offers both methodological
and procedural approaches to resilience development, and intervention and implementation
mechanism can be established. Beside community participation, bureaucratic and technocratic
mechanism need to be upgraded by acknowledging the fact that climate change is real and
incorporate requisite expertise.
The paper titled “An Assessment of Creative Industries in the light of Evolution of MSME: A
Case of Kolkata Metropolitan Region” is authored by Arundhati Patnaik, Indira Raju, Hirak
Chowdhury, Saswati Dey, Arpan Paul and Prof. Joy Sen. This paper attempts to review
the creative industries located in Kolkata Metropolitan Region, West Bengal, in the light
of a detailed analysis of population density, working population workforce distribution,
distribution of micro, small and medium enterprises of creative industries, existing location
of creative industries and identification of potential creative industries. By assessing the
existing resources, growth rate of MSME workforce, government policies and location of
creative industries, the paper identifies specific zones that hold the potential for the growth
of creative clusters.
Arvind K. Jha and Prasoon Gargava have authored the paper on “Institutional Capacity for
Environmental Sustainability in Peri - Urban Areas of India”. They emphasize prevalence
of greenfield development for lateral expansion of cities in India. However, environmental
vulnerability of such expansion and sustainability of their growth are not being addressed
properly, which have resulted in several environmental challenges and health issues in peri
- urban areas. Institutional capabilities are of prime importance to strategically plan and
execute provisions of adequate services to make development environmentally sustainable.
Present article highlights role of institutional capabilities to deal with such challenges. The
paper concludes by addressing environmental vulnerability of increasing urbanization by
Cover Design by Prof. Diwakar S. Meshram, Ph.D. i
Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 13 x 4, October - December 2016
focusing on the problem of water security and waste management in the peri - urban areas
of India and by examining the role of local governance initiatives and their capacities to
handle such impacts.
The next paper is titled “A Context Specific Design Approach to Urban Streets: A Case of
Newtown, Kolkata”, and is written by Debjani Saha, Prof. Taraknath Mazumder, Ph.D., and
Prof. Jaydip Barman, Ph.D. The paper states that in order to reduce the mounting pressure
on Kolkata, especially on the CBD and also on the existing insufficient housing stock, New
Town has been developed in the eastern outskirts of the city. This newly developed town is
a completely fresh project, and is being developed in phases with its roads just laid down
providing no dedicated real spaces for different types of users. Neither functional nor aesthetic
where even abutting land uses are not considered while planning for these streets. Hence,
they lack coherence and efficient functionality. New Town needs comprehensive street design
guidelines, which will not only deal with technical but also functional-aesthetic aspects of
streets. In this study, after analyzing the present and future demands, guidelines have been
formulated and also some prototype mid block sections have been provided to illustrate how
streets could assume 3D space forms after the implementation of these guidelines.
The paper on “Building Disaster Resilient Cities” is written by Ila Gupta, Ph.D., and Prof.
R. Shankar who underscore the point that planning for disaster preparedness is
multidisciplinary and multi-dimensional activity, and requires large scale interventions at
short notice. The process should start with vulnerability analyses of all sub - areas of the
city and surrounding region to obtain measures of expected losses in a disaster. Resource
Potential analysis identifies the capacity of resources of sub - region for disaster mitigation
and shortages, which could be taken care of in advance. For ensuring efficient emergency
response for disasters, it is vital to detail out various crucial activities to be performed in
the affected region, the agency or personnel responsible and the time limits. This paper
outlines a framework for planning all disaster mitigation activities viz. vulnerability analysis,
resource potential analysis and emergency preparedness. The comprehensive approach to
disaster mitigation proposed in this paper, if implemented, could increase disaster resilience
of Indian cities.
Last paper on the theme “Integrated Planning for Metropolitan Areas and District Regions”,
is written by Prof. K. K. Pandey, Ph. D., who presents importance of integrated planning
in a metropolitan and district region with a particular reference to Indian initiatives,
which include mutual concerns of urban and rural local governments. It is noted that 74th
Constitution Amendment of 1992 has introduced a systematic process of regional planning
through consolidation of urban and rural development plans along with a regional plan for a
district and metropolitan region as per article 243 ZD and 243 ZE, which stipulate creation
of District Planning Committees and Metropolitan Planning Committees. However, after
two decades of the constitutional provisions, the progress on the follow up of integrated
planning is far from satisfactory. Integrated planning could trigger a balanced growth, which
is inclusive, sustainable and environment friendly. It is in this context that this paper suggests
specific actions to implement the constitutional provisions of MPCs and DPCs to carry out
regional planning in a bottom up, inclusive, realistic and sustainable manner.
Prof. Ashok Kumar, Ph.D.
Editor
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Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 13 x 4, October - December 2016
Content
An Assessment of Land Use and Development Pattern 1
along a Urban Rail Transit Corridor in Chennai
Prof. Devyani Gangopadhyay and Prof. Sekar S. P., Ph.D.
From City Resilience to Micro Resilience: 23
A Case Study of Gorakhpur
Riyan Habeeb and Harshit S. Lakra
An Assessment of Creative Industries in the light of 40
Evolution of MSME: A Case of Kolkata Metropolitan Region
Arundhati Patnaik, Indira Raju, Hirak Chowdhury, Saswati Dey,
Arpan Paul and Prof. Joy Sen
Institutional Capacity for Environmental Sustainability in 56
Peri-Urban Areas of India
Arvind K Jha and Prasoon Gargava
A Context Specific Design Approach to Urban Streets: 63
A Case of New Town, Kolkata
Debjani Saha, Prof Taraknath Mazumder, Ph.D. and
Prof Jaydip Barman, Ph.D.
Building Disaster Resilient Cities 86
Ila Gupta, Ph.D. and Prof R. Shankar
Integrated Planning for Metropolitan Areas and 95
District Regions
Prof. K. K. Pandey, Ph.D.
Cover Design by Prof. Diwakar S. Meshram, Ph.D. iii
Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 13 x 4, October - December 2016
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Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 13 x 4, October - December 2016
An Assessment of Land Use and
Development Pattern along a Urban Rail
Transit Corridor in Chennai
Prof. Devyani Gangopadhyay and Prof. Sekar S. P., Ph.D.
Abstract
This study hypothesizes that urban rail transit system is one of the highly influencing
factors, which along with the other co-influencing factors determines development
pattern of an urban area. It focuses on exploring impact of mass rail transit on the land
use and development pattern of the influence corridor of the transit with case study of
Chennai, India. Trend of population densification and change in land use were spatially
analyzed over a period of time since the commencement of rail transit to present.
Parameters influencing growth and development along the rail transit corridor were
identified and the pattern of relationship which exists between these parameters were
explored. Results show that densification near the Central Business District and rail is
an important factor but the most important factor is market attractiveness, other being
infrastructure and high built up space besides road network.
1. INTRODUcTION
Growing urban population of the cities has given rise to several challenges like
immense traffic on the roads, congestion, pollution of atmosphere, hours of
waiting on the roads, accidents, thus deteriorating the overall quality of life of
the cities. As an attempt to solve such issues, most of the cities are planning for
rail based mass rapid transit systems, and are in the process of strengthening the
public transport system.
Literature indicates that mass rapid transit system especially rail is often
related to improved access to jobs and residences, increase in property values
and changes in land use. Hence, introduction of mass rapid transit system in
India as well as many Asian countries is expected to have a say in the urban
morphology and the development pattern of the cities. It is important to assess
the influence of the urban rail transit on the land use and development pattern,
so that interventions could be planned in order to capitalize on the opportunities
provided by the transit. This paper attempts to explore the influence of rail transit
system on the trend of land use and development pattern with a case study of
Chennai. It tries to analyze how the development pattern varies along different
rail corridors and also the areas outside it. Many previous studies indicate that in
addition to transport, the pattern of development is dependent on many other
Prof. Devyani Gangopadhyay, School of Environment Architecture and Design, SRM Univer-
sity, Ramapuram, Chennai
Prof. Sekar S.P., Ph.D., HoD (Retd.), Department of Planning, SAP, Anna University, chen-
nai
Prof. Devyani Gangopadhyay and Prof. Sekar S. P., Ph.D. 1
Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 13 x 4, October - December 2016
factors like accessibility of the areas, their physical and social infrastructure,
availability of developable land, favorable policies, etc. It is difficult to isolate
transportation alone to study the pattern of development. Hence, other factors
which along with rail transit, influence the land use and development pattern of
an area are identified and the pattern of relationship between these influencing
variables is explored. The study attempts to identify a tool for measurement of
the influencing and inter - related variables influencing development pattern,
that may come in handy, for a planned intervention in order to enable a desirable
form of development in Chennai.
2. LAND USE TRANSPORT INTERAcTION
Land use and transportation are closely related to each other in a cyclic order.
Land use creates activities and distances between various human activity spaces
create a need to travel. Wegener and Furst (1999) explain that the distribution
of land uses over the urban area determines the locations of human activities
such as living, working, shopping, education or leisure. These activities require
spatial interactions or trips in the transportation system. The distribution of
transport infrastructure improves the accessibility of the areas. This enhances
the attractiveness of the land around and influences the location decisions of the
investors. This results in change in land use and the cycle repeats (Fig. 1).
Fig. 1: Land Use Transport Feedback cycle
Source: Wegner and Furst (1999)
Prof. Devyani Gangopadhyay and Prof. Sekar S. P., Ph.D. 2
Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 13 x 4, October - December 2016
Density, Diversity Design, intersection density, and the number of destinations
within walking distance were considered as indicators of urban form in many
studies (Cervero and Kockelman, 1997), Wegner and Furst (1999), Ewing and
Cervero (2010), Munshi (2013)). Many of the studies found that positive values
of these indictors reduced trip rates and increased transit demand. Although
literature indicates that the neighborhood type, its urban form has an impact
on the travel behavior, residential self-selection to some extend is responsible
for determining the travel patterns. Many of the studies found that people who
travel by rail have a tendency to stay near the transit and this in turn impacts
the land use (Cervero R and Duncan M (2008), Zhaou and Kockelman (2008)).
Land use transforms slowly and takes a particular form. Households, commercial
establishments, and industries compete for locations according to each individual
bid rent curve and their requirements for access to the city centre. Whichever
use is able to bid a higher price occupies the land. Rail transit is found to have a
positive effect on land values (Pagliara and Papa (2011), Poonam Dudani (2008),
Namita Karamchandani (2007), Pacheco (2004)). While most of the other studies
have consistent results, impact of rail on land use and development is found to
be inconsistent. While some of the study areas show improved densification and
development in the influence areas of rail transit, many others do not (Huang
(1996), Cervero and Landis (1997), Quingyun (2013), Calvo et al (2013)). Many
studies emphasized the fact that a number of other factors play an important
role in accelerating development along the rail transit corridor in addition to
the transit. In many case studies, it was found that availability of vacant and
developable land was an important factor to bring about land use change. Most of
the studies found that supporting policies and land use controls are important in
bringing about development in the rail influence areas. Market forces were found
to be important in contributing to the development of a rail transit influence
area. Existing demographic and socio economic conditions were also found
to be important factors influencing development of an area. In case of Indian
studies, in addition to the factors mentioned above, infrastructure facilities in
the influence area were found to be important factor to determine the level of
development (Kanchanamala, 1996; Sekar and Karthigeyan 2009; Munshi, 2013).
Another important factor considered by them is the proximity to work place
(Kanchanamala, 1996; Sekar and Karthigaeyn, 2009).
Most of the related studies were in context to American and European countries
and very few are in Indian context. With growing urban areas in India and many
rail transit initiatives in the cities, it is important to study the impact of rail
transit on the development pattern of the Indian cities so that a desirable form
of development can be planned in order to develop an integrated transport and
land use approach. While most of the studies concentrate on impact of transit on
land use and few studies which identify the parameters which impact the land
use change. This paper tries to study the magnitude of influence of the various
Prof. Devyani Gangopadhyay and Prof. Sekar S. P., Ph.D. 3
Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 13 x 4, October - December 2016
parameters on development, the inter relationship between the parameters and
their impact on railway influence areas.
3. RESEARch METhODOLOGy AND ThE cASE STUDy AREA
Improved accessibility due to rail transit enhances the attractiveness of the
influence area, and draws attention of the investors for different uses. The
land uses create the need for more activities and better infrastructure. As a
result, growth and development takes place along the transit corridor. With this
framework, the study hypothesizes that urban rail transit system is one of the
most important factors in bringing about development in an urban area. The
study attempts to explore the trends in land use, densification and growth within
the city. Densification of population is considered as one of the primary indicators
of development. Temporal data for densification were mapped and analyzed.
Land use over the period of time was studied along the railway corridor and
compared with the other areas. The literature review found that rail transit alone
does not induce development. There are several other factors which support
development. This paper raises questions regarding these factors and attempts
to study and establish the pattern of relationship between them using Factor
Analysis method. This method of analysis identifies the variables which co vary
and reduces the number of variables to a smaller number of factors which can
Fig. 2: conceptual Framework
Prof. Devyani Gangopadhyay and Prof. Sekar S. P., Ph.D. 4
Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 13 x 4, October - December 2016
define development pattern of the area in order of importance. Ward wise factor
scores for each factor could be used to explain the type of development which
takes place in a particular ward and can be used as a tool for strategic planning
for future. Trend surface maps were created for each of the factors using Trend
Interpolation tool of Arc GIS, to study the trend of variation of each factor within
the city. Fig. 2 gives the conceptual framework for the study.
In an attempt to answer the research questions, it was required to select a
case study area which had an established rail transit system. Presence of a well
established rail based transit system made Chennai an ideal case study area. It
has a very old rail based transit system running within the city and connecting the
suburban areas. This suburban rail started operating in 1931. Additionally, it has
a rail based Mass Rapid Transit System under operation since 1995 and a metro
rail, one phase of which has started operating since June 2015. Impact of the
existing rail transit system on the
Fig. 3: Rail Transit corridors of chennai
development pattern of the city,
could be analyzed so that the
results could be used for future
planning of the city especially
the areas under the influence of
the ongoing metro rail project.
Fig. 3 depicts all the rail transit
systems in Chennai city. The City
extending over an area of 68 sq
km in 1901 had a population of
5.40 lakh. Since then the city has
been growing rapidly and had a
population of 4.6 million as per
2011 census with an expanse
of 174 sq km with a density of
249.63 persons per hectare.
According, to GO (Ms.) No. 256
of Municipal Administration and
Water Supply Department of
26 December 2009 permitted
the expansion of Chennai city
limit annexing 9 municipalities,
8 town panchayats and 25
villages. In 2011 it merged with
42 local bodies and doubled its
extent to an area of 426 square
kilometers. However, the old
Prof. Devyani Gangopadhyay and Prof. Sekar S. P., Ph.D. 5
Institute of Town Planners, India Journal 13 x 4, October - December 2016
Corporation area has been considered for this study which until the year 2011
consisted of 155 wards making 10 zones.
4. SPATIAL PATTERN OF DENSIFIcATION AND LAND USE
Spatial distribution of population and land use over a period of time in the case
study area is mapped with the objective of exploring the temporal trends in land
use and development pattern in the influence area of rail transit. Temporal change
in the densification pattern along the railway influence corridor has been observed
and compared with areas outside the influence area. Thematic maps for analyzing
the trend surface of densification, built up space and type of land use for each of
the wards of Chennai are developed in order to study how the wards under railway
influence differ from other wards. Census data with ward wise population and
area of each ward was collected from 1925 to 2011 and net density was calculated
based on the population per unit area of the ward. In order to compare the
population densification level of the wards for each time period, a concentration
index was derived which gave the densification level of the ward compared to the
city average at that period of time. A concentration index greater than 1 indicated
that density of the ward is higher than that of the city average while index lower
than 1 indicated that density of the ward is lower than that of the city average.
Higher value of concentration index indicated denser development. This gave a
picture of how the ward fares with respect to population density when compared
to the whole city at that period of time for which the map is made.
Fig. 4 shows the year wise densification of Chennai city. The spatial pattern of
densification in Chennai city shows that densification of population took place
along the railway corridor. Concentration index was found to be high in the CBD
area and spread out towards the railway corridor in case of suburban corridor
in the south, west and north. However, introduction of MRTS did not lead to
densification to that extent. It was also observed that considering population
growth, the core of the city showed a decreasing trend in population, while
higher growth of population took place in the peripheral parts of the city.
Besides this, land use maps of 1964, 1973, 1991 and 2006 published by Chennai
Metropolitan Development Authority were used for a comparative analysis. Figs.
5, 6 and 7 show the land use change in the influence area of Saidapet station,
Mambalam and Kodambakkam station and George Town area respectively.
Trend interpolation tool of Arc GIS was used to make trend surface maps for
interpolating the trend of density distribution, land use distribution and built up
space within the city. Fig. 8 shows continuous trend surface maps for net population
density, net built up density and percentage nonresidential development.
Decreasing trend of population density along the sub - urban rail corridor
is due to the reason that census data for population growth represents
Prof. Devyani Gangopadhyay and Prof. Sekar S. P., Ph.D. 6