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INSIGHTS ON PEACE AND CONFLICT REPORTING AsthesecondbookintheRoutledgeJournalism Insightsseries,thiseditedcollection explores the possibilities and challenges involved in contemporary reporting of peace and conflict. Featuring 16 expert contributing authors, the collection maps the field of peace and conflict reporting in a digital world, in a context where the financial prospects of the news industry are challenged and professional authority, credibility and autonomy are decaying. The contributors, ranging from prominent scholars to the Head of Newsgathering at the BBC, discuss a diverse range of key case studies, including the role of Bellingcat in conflict journalism; war and peace journalism in Bangladesh; visual storytelling in conflict zones; and rampant cyber-misogyny confronting women journalists in Finland, India, the Philippines and South Africa. Bringing together theory and practice, the collection offers an in-depth examination ofthechangestakingplaceintheworkingpracticesofjournalistsasongoing,strategic assaultsagainstthemincrease. Insights on Peace and Conflict Reporting is a powerful resource for students and academics in the fields of global journalism, foreign news reporting, conflict reporting, globalisation, media and international communication. Kristin Skare Orgeret is a professor in the Department of Journalism and Media Studies at OsloMet University, Norway, where she co-heads the research group MEKK (Media, War, Conflict). She has published extensively within the fields of global digital journalism, democratisation and conflict resolution, and gender and the media. JOURNALISM INSIGHTS The Journalism Insights series provides edited collections of theoretically grounded casestudyanalysesonaneclecticrangeofjournalisticareas,frompeaceandconflict reporting to fashion and sports reporting. The series has a bias towards the contemporary, but each volume includes an important historical, contextualising section. Volumes offer international coverage and focus on both mainstream and ‘alternative’ media, always considering the impact of social media in the various fields. The volumes are aimed at both undergraduate and postgraduate students of journalism as well as media and communication programmes who will find the texts original, interesting and inspirational. For information on submitting a proposal for the series, please contact the Series Editor Richard Lance Keeble, of the University of Lincoln and Liverpool Hope University, at [email protected] Insights on Reporting Sports in the Digital Age Ethical and Practical Considerations in a Changing Media Landscape Edited by Roger Domeneghetti Insights on Peace and Conflict Reporting Edited by Kristin Skare Orgeret Formoreinformationvisit: https://www.routledge.com/Journalism-Insights/book-series/JI INSIGHTS ON PEACE AND CONFLICT REPORTING Edited by Kristin Skare Orgeret Firstpublished2022 byRoutledge 2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN andbyRoutledge 605ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10158 RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2022selectionandeditorialmatter,KristinSkareOrgeret;individualchapters, thecontributors TherightofKristinSkareOrgerettobeidentifiedastheauthoroftheeditorial material,andoftheauthorsfortheirindividualchapters,hasbeenassertedin accordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct 1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedor utilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,now knownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinany informationstorageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthe publishers. Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarksorregistered trademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationandexplanationwithoutintentto infringe. BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Names:Orgeret,KristinSkare,editor. Title:Insightsonpeaceandconflictreporting/editedbyKristinSkareOrgeret. Description:London;NewYork:Routledge,2021.| Series:Journalisminsights|Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. Identifiers:LCCN2021002988|ISBN9780367858995(hardback)| ISBN9780367859008(paperback)|ISBN9781003015628(ebook) Subjects:LCSH:War--Presscoverage.|Peace--Presscoverage.| Socialconflict--Presscoverage.|Journalism.|Journalism--Technological innovations. Classification:LCCPN4784.W37I572021|DDC070.4/333--dc23 LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2021002988 ISBN:978-0-367-85899-5(hbk) ISBN:978-0-367-85900-8(pbk) ISBN:978-1-003-01562-8(ebk) DOI:10.4324/9781003015628 TypesetinBembo byTaylor&FrancisBooks CONTENTS List of contributors vii Acknowledgements xi Introduction: Reporting on processes of peace and conflict 1 Kristin Skare Orgeret 1 Peace and conflict reporting in a world-in-crisis 10 Simon Cottle 2 Obstacles for critical journalism in the security policy sector: Revisiting peace journalism 32 Stig A. Nohrstedt and Rune Ottosen 3 Peace and conflict journalism: An African perspective 50 Winston Mano 4 Resolution, resistance, resilience: Covering the conflict in South Sudan 61 Charlotte Ntulume 5 The Rohingya refugee in the Bangladeshi press 75 Kajalie Shehreen Islam and Mubashar Hasan 6 How our rage is represented: Acts of resistance among women photographers of the Global South 89 Saumava Mitra, Sara Creta and Stephanie McDonald vi Contents 7 Citizen journalism: Is Bellingcat revolutionising conflict journalism? 106 Glenda Cooper and Bruce Mutsvairo 8 The new frontline: Women journalists at the intersection of converging digital age threats 121 Julie Posetti 9 Creating capacity for peace: The power of news and civil norm building 139 Jackie Harrison and Stef Pukallus 10 Covering conflict: Safety, sanity and responsibility 152 Jonathan Munro Index 165 CONTRIBUTORS GlendaCooperPhDisaseniorlecturerinjournalismatCity,UniversityofLondon. ShehaspublishedextensivelyontherelationshipbetweenjournalistsandNGOsandis theauthorofReportingHumanitarianDisastersinaSocialMediaAge(Routledge,2018) andco-editorofHumanitarianism,CommunicationsandChange(PeterLang,2015).She was a Guardian Research Fellow at Nuffield College, Oxford. She has worked as a staff reporter and editor on many leading media organisations including The Independent, Sunday Times, Washington Post, Daily Telegraph and BBC Radio 4. Simon Cottle is Professor of Media and Communications in the School of Journalism, Media and Cultural Studies (JOMEC), at Cardiff University, UK. He is the author of many books on media and the communication of conflicts, crises and catastrophes. These include Mediatized Conflicts (2006), Global Crisis Reporting (2009), Transnational Protests and the Media (ed. with L. Lester) (2011), Humanitarianism, Communications and Change (ed. with G. Cooper) (2015) and Reporting Dangerously: Journalist Killings, Intimidation and Security (with R. Sambrook and N. Mosdell). He is Series Editor for the Global Crises and Media Series for the publisher Peter Lang. Sara Creta is an award-winning journalist and documentary filmmaker, with extensive experience investigating human rights abuses in Sudan, Ethiopia, Bangladesh, DRC, Libya, Chad, Cameroon, Morocco, Tunisia, the Gaza Strip and while on board a rescue ship in the Mediterranean. Currently she is pursuing her doctorate at the School of Communications of Dublin City University under the Future of Journalism Institute. Much of her research focuses on how dissident actors use Internet technologies in affecting political action in the Horn of Africa region. She is recipient of a scholarship from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant. viii Listofcontributors Jackie Harrison is Professor of Public Communication and UNESCO Chair on Media Freedom, Journalism Safety and the Issue of Impunity at the University of Sheffield. She is Chair of the Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM). Her latest book, The Civil Power of the News (Palgrave, 2019) examines the civil role of the factual mass media and how they express and interpret our invariant civil concerns, public controversies and conflict. Her work focuses on how they can be a focal point of civil reconciliation and resistance as well as how assaults on the factual mass media lead to their civil diminishment. Mubashar Hasan is an adjunct research fellow at the Humanitarian and DevelopmentResearchInitiative,UniversityofWesternSydney,Australia.Heisthe authorofIslamandPoliticsinBangladesh:TheFollowersofUmmah(PalgraveMacmillan, 2020) and the lead editor of Radicalization in South Asia: Context, Trajectories and Implications (Sage, 2019). He has also published in Australian Journal of Politics and History,AsianJournalofPoliticalScienceandHarvardAsiaQuarterly. Kajalie Shehreen Islam, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication and Journalism, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Her research interests include political communication, and gender and media. Her work has been published in national and international journals and books. Islam was also a journalist with Bangladesh’s leading English-language newspaper, The Daily Star, covering human rights, gender, politics, development and more. Winston Mano is Reader at the University of Westminster, UK, and member of the Communication Research Institute’s Global Media Research Network. Mano is also the Principal Editor of the Journal of African Media Studies and a Senior Research Fellow at the University of Johannesburg, South Africa. Stephanie McDonald currently works for an Irish Traveller and Roma civil society organisation in Dublin, Ireland. Previously she worked as a policy analyst, and in communication roles, with CSOs and inter-governmental bodies in Canada and East Africa. Shebegan her career working asa news reporterin theNorthwest Territories and Nunavut, in the Canadian North. Saumava Mitra is Assistant Professor at the School of Communications of Dublin City University, Ireland. His research focuses on identifying the gen- dered and geopolitical inequities inherent in photographs of – and acts sur- rounding photographing – violent and social conflicts. He is interested in both the questions of how these inequities are inscribed into the photographic images of conflicts as well as the effects of these inequities on the lives and livelihoods of those who produce these images. Prior to joining DCU, Mitra worked in journalism, communications and academia in South Asia, East Africa, North and Central America and Western Europe. Listofcontributors ix JonathanMunroisHeadofNewsgatheringatBBCNews.Inthatrole,hemanages the BBC’s coverage and deployment within the UK and globally for all its English language output. He sits on the senior leadership team at the BBC, and regularly deputises for the Director of News. Jonathan has previously worked at ITN, the UK’sleadingcommercial newsbroadcaster,where hestarted asanEditorial Trainee, laterbecomingaforeignCorrespondent,NewsEditorandultimatelyDeputyEditor. Bruce Mutsvairo (PhD Leiden University, 2013) is a Professor of Journalism at Auburn University in the United States. His research sits at the intersection of journalism, social media and democratisation in the Global South. He is the founding editor of the book series Palgrave Studies in Journalism and the Global South. Stig A.Nohrstedtis ProfessorEmeritusinMediaandCommunicationScienceat Örebro University and holds a PhD in Political Science from Uppsala University, Sweden. He has published a number of books and articles on war journalism, journalism ethics and crisis communication. Charlotte Ntulume is Lecturer in the Department of Journalism and Communication, Makerere University, Uganda. Her research interests include: media and conflict, peace journalism, and crisis communication. Ntulume’s doctoral research at the University of Oslo, Norway, was on coverage and framing of the 2013 South Sudan conflict in East African newspapers. She has previously served in editorial roles in some of the leading newspapers in Uganda, and has worked with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) and United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) in Uganda as a communication specialist in the areas of strategic communication, humanitarian coordination and crisis prevention and recovery. Kristin Skare Orgeret is Professor at the Department of Journalism and Media Studiesat OsloMetUniversity, Norway.She co-headsthe researchgroup MEKK (Media, War, Conflict), which organises annual international conferences on the safety of journalists. She has published extensively within the fields of global journalism, freedom of expression and gender and the media. Orgeret led the NORHED-funded project “Bridging Gaps, Building Futures” (2014–2020), which aimed at strengthening media and journalism in (post-)conflict conditions through research and higher education in Nepal, Uganda and South Sudan. RuneOttosenisapoliticalscientistandjournalist,professoremeritusinjournalismat OsloMetUniversity,Norway.Hehaswrittenextensivelyonpresshistoryandmedia coverage of war and conflicts. He is co-author with Stig Arne Nohrstedt of several booksonwarandpeacejournalism.In2010,hewasoneoftheeditorsandco-author of the four-volume Norwegian Press History, Norsk Presses historie (1767–2010). His