Insight into Influenza Viruses of Animals and Humans

230 Pages·2014·3.77 MB·English

by  Sanjay Kapoor

Sanjay Kapoor · Kuldeep Dhama
Insight into
Influenza
Viruses of
Animals and
Humans
Insight into Influenza Viruses of Animals
and Humans
Sanjay Kapoor Kuldeep Dhama
•
Insight into Influenza Viruses
of Animals and Humans
123
SanjayKapoor Kuldeep Dhama
Department of Veterinary Microbiology Division ofPathology
LLRUniversity ofVeterinary andAnimal Indian Veterinary Research Institute
Sciences Izatnagar
Hisar Uttar Pradesh
Haryana India
India
ISBN 978-3-319-05511-4 ISBN 978-3-319-05512-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-05512-1
Springer ChamHeidelberg New YorkDordrecht London
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014934139
(cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
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Preface
Influenzavirusesarehighlycontagious,causing respiratorysymptomsinhumans,
animals, and birds. The flu viruses keep evolving in animals and poultry and
ultimately jump species to cause epidemics and even pandemics in humans. The
disease is highly contagious, zoonotic, and affects various systems of the body
with the potential to cross international borders. During the past 150 years,
various strains of influenza virus like Spanish flu, Asian flu, Hong Kong flu, Bird
flu, and Swine flu were responsible for high morbidity and mortality in both
human and animals. Being an RNA virus, it has high mutation rates. The anti-
genic shift and antigenic drift play an important role in the evolution of influenza
viruses. These phenomena along with development of antiviral drug resistance
contribute to ineffective chemotherapy and vaccines against influenza viruses.
Influenza is clinically characterized by sudden onset and rapid spread of respi-
ratory tract problems along with chills, fever, sore throat, myalgia, malaise,
headache, depression, anorexia, sneezing, coughing, serous nasal discharge,
weakness, fatigue, labored breathing, general discomfort, etc. The influenza A
virus, due to its devastating nature, high zoonotic implications, and huge toll in
terms of human and animal deaths, severe impact on socioeconomic status of
countries, has caught the eye of world policymakers. The viral pathogenicity and
available susceptible population makes it difficult to forecast the next pandemic
influenza virus. Therefore, the pandemic preparedness for influenza may help in
reductionofvirustransmissionandthusreducetheclinicalcasesanddeaths.This
book, compiled by expert scientists, is enriched with the latest information and
will be a useful element in providing salient information on all aspects of
influenza/fluvirusesaffectinganimals,birds,andhumansandspecificallyreviews
the properties and replication of influenza viruses, their evolution, and emer-
gence; epidemiology; role of migratory birds in disease transmission; clinical
signs in humans, animals and poultry; pathogenesis and pathogenicity; public
health importance and potential threats, diagnosis; prevention and control mea-
sures, and pandemic preparedness. Being a comprehensive and need-based book
it will be a helpful reference book and will serve as a useful resource for
ix
x Preface
researchers, scientists, academicians, animal/poultry workers, medical/healthcare
professionals, veterinarians, and students/scholars, and thus serve as an indis-
pensible source of knowledge and help to all the stakeholders.
Sanjay Kapoor
Kuldeep Dhama
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Properties of Influenza Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 Replication Cycle of Influenza Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.1 Viral Entry into the Host Cell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.2 Transcription and Replication of the Viral Genome. . . . . . . . . . 17
3.3 Entry into and Exit of RNPs from Nucleus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.4 Translation of mRNAs into Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.5 RNP Packaging, Assembly and Budding of Influenza Viruses. . . 24
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4 Evolution of Influenza Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.1 Evolution of Haemagglutinin Gene of Influenza Viruses . . . . . . 32
4.2 Role of Receptor Specificity in the Evolution
of Influenza Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4.3 Role of Antigenic Drift and Antigenic Shift in the Evolution
of Influenza Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.4 Role of ‘Mixing Vessels’ in the Evolution of Influenza
Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.5 Role of Recombination in the Evolution of Influenza Viruses. . . 42
4.6 Role of ‘Host Species Jumping’ in the Evolution
of Influenza Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.7 Evolution of the Highly Pathogenic H5N1 AIVs: Concept
of Virus Clades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.8 H17N10: A New Subtype of Influenza Viruses of Bat. . . . . . . . 48
4.9 Evolution of H7N9 Influenza A Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
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xii Contents
5 Epidemiology of Influenza Viruses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
5.1 Avian Influenza (Bird Flu). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
5.1.1 Important Historical Events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.1.2 HPAI Disease Outbreaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
5.2 Swine Influenza. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.3 Equine Influenza. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.4 Canine and Feline Influenza. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.5 Human Influenza (Flu). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
6 Role of Migratory Birds in Spreading Influenza Viruses . . . . . . . . 87
6.1 Intercontinental Spread of Avian Influenza via
Migratory Birds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
6.2 Bridge Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.3 International Scientific Task Force on Avian Influenza
and Wild Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
7 Clinical Features of Influenza Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7.1 Clinical Signs and Lesions of Avian/Bird Flu Viruses
in Chickens/Poultry Birds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.1.1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
7.2 Clinical Signs and Lesions of Swine Influenza Viruses
in Pigs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
7.3 Clinical Signs and Lesions Equine Influenza Viruses
in Equines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
7.4 Clinical Signs and Lesions of Influenza Viruses in Dogs
and Cats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
7.5 Clinical Signs and Lesions of Influenza Viruses in Humans. . . . 109
7.5.1 Bird Flu in Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.5.2 Swine Flu in Humans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
8 Pathogenesis and Pathogenicity of Influenza Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . 115
8.1 Pathogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
8.2 Pathogenicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
9 Public Health Importance and Pandemic Potentials/Threats
of Influenza Viruses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
9.1 Public Health Significance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
9.1.1 Avian/Bird Flu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
9.1.2 H7N9: The Recently Emerged Avian Flu Virus . . . . . . . 138
9.1.3 Pandemic Threat of Bird Flu Virus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138