Insight into Designing Biocompatible Magnesium Alloys and Composites: Processing, Mechanical and Corrosion Characteristics

119 Pages·2015·2.96 MB·English

by  Manoj Gupta

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN MATERIALS
Manoj Gupta
Ganesh Kumar Meenashisundaram
Insight into Designing
Biocompatible
Magnesium Alloys
and Composites
Processing, Mechanical
and Corrosion
Characteristics
SpringerBriefs in Materials
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10111
Manoj Gupta · Ganesh Kumar Meenashisundaram
Insight into Designing
Biocompatible Magnesium
Alloys and Composites
Processing, Mechanical and Corrosion
Characteristics
1 3
Manoj Gupta Ganesh Kumar Meenashisundaram
Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering
National University of Singapore National University of Singapore
Singapore Singapore
Singapore Singapore
ISSN 2192-1091 ISSN 2192-1105 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs in Materials
ISBN 978-981-287-371-2 ISBN 978-981-287-372-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-372-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2014959125
Springer Singapore Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
© The Author(s) 2015
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Preface
Biomaterials are natural or modified natural materials which are constantly in
contact with a biological system. They continuously interact with the system and
perform certain defined functions to enhance system life, quality and function-
ality. Both porous and impermeable biomaterials assist in replacement or repair
of soft and hard tissues such as bones, cartilages, blood vessels and even entire
organs. The desire for human beings to live longer, their higher expectations and
the ever growing population has increased the demand for biomaterials and has
made researchers to focus more on synthesizing new biomaterials which can per-
form its intended functions with minimal and acceptable reactions within human
body. Investigating on new degradable metallic implants is one of the new interest-
ing research areas of biomaterial science.
Magnesium is the sixth most abundant element in the earth’s crust and is also the
lightest of all the structural metals. With a low density of 1.74 g/cm3, magnesium
materials have considerable potential for both selection and use as a lightweight
structural and biocompatible materials. Magnesium has considerable advantages
over other non-biodegradable metals and polymers, such as its ability to degrade
in vivo without any harmful effects and lower elastic modulus (41–45 GPa), which
is closer to that of cortical bone (7–30 GPa) and therefore magnesium is consid-
ered as a potential biomaterial especially for orthopedic applications as it mitigates
stress shielding effects. The degradation properties of magnesium can be designed
by addition of suitable alloying elements and reinforcements and degradable mag-
nesium materials may potentially replace natural tissues. Therefore, the selection of
alloying elements and reinforcements for magnesium materials is of prime impor-
tance. There has been no attempt so far to consolidate and summarize the available
synthesis methodologies, mechanical and corrosion properties of biocompatible
magnesium-based materials to provide insight into designing smarter futuristic
magnesium alloys or composites for biomedical applications.
Accordingly, this book provides the readers an insight into the effects of vari-
ous suitable alloying elements and particulate reinforcements on mechanical and
degradation properties of pure magnesium and magnesium alloys currently tar-
geted for biomedical applications. Along with the information on toxicity and the
v
vi Preface
recommended dosage levels of various elements on the human body, the various
synthesizing methodologies utilized for impermeable and porous magnesium
materials are also discussed. This book is targeted as an easy-to-read r eference
book for researchers, engineers, teachers and students primarily involved in
designing and using new biocompatible magnesium alloys and composites.
Manoj Gupta
Ganesh Kumar Meenashisundaram
Acknowledgments
We would like to take this opportunity to express our heartiest gratitude and thanks
to all the people who have contributed to and assisted with the publication of this
book. We would particularly want to express our sincere thanks to our families for
their continual support and understanding, to our co-workers, friends and students
for their continual encouragement.
vii
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................ 1
1.1 Biomaterials for Orthopedic Applications ..................... 1
1.2 Currently Used Biomaterials and Their Drawbacks .............. 2
1.2.1 Metals ........................................... 2
1.2.2 Ceramics ......................................... 6
1.2.3 Polymers ......................................... 6
1.2.4 Composites ....................................... 7
1.3 Requirements of Ideal Implants ............................. 7
1.3.1 Material ......................................... 8
1.3.2 Mechanical Properties .............................. 8
1.3.3 Manufacturing of Implants ........................... 9
1.4 Pure Magnesium as a Biomaterial ........................... 10
1.5 Summary .............................................. 11
References .................................................. 12
2 Synthesis of Magnesium-Based Biomaterials ..................... 17
2.1 Synthesis of Impermeable Magnesium Materials ............... 17
2.1.1 Liquid-State Processing ............................. 17
2.1.2 Solid-State Processing .............................. 24
2.1.3 Additive Manufacturing ............................. 27
2.1.4 Secondary Processing of Impermeable Mg Materials ...... 28
2.2 Synthesis of Porous Magnesium Materials .................... 30
2.3 Summary .............................................. 32
References .................................................. 32
3 Selection of Alloying Elements and Reinforcements Based
on Toxicity and Mechanical Properties .......................... 35
3.1 Selection of Elements Based on Toxicity ...................... 35
3.1.1 Selection of Alloying Elements for Mg Alloys Based
on Toxicity ....................................... 38
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x Contents
3.1.2 Selection of Particulate Reinforcements
for Mg Composites Based on Toxicity .................. 39
3.2 Selection Based on Mechanical Properties .................... 40
3.2.1 Selection of Alloying Elements Based
on Mechanical Properties ............................ 40
3.2.2 Selection of Particulate Reinforcements Based
on Mechanical Properties ............................ 54
3.2.3 Selection of Particulates and Porosity Levels
for Porous Mg Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3 Summary .............................................. 62
References .................................................. 62
4 Selection of Alloying Elements and Reinforcements
Based on Degradation Properties .............................. 69
4.1 Selection Based on In Vitro Corrosion of Mg Materials .......... 69
4.1.1 Corrosion Experiments .............................. 69
4.1.2 Effects of Alloying Elements on Corrosion Properties
of Mg Targeting Biomedical Applications ............... 73
4.1.3 Effects of Particulate Reinforcements on Corrosion
Properties of Mg Composites Targeting Biomedical
Applications ...................................... 88
4.1.4 Effect of Porosity Levels on Corrosion Behavior
of Mg Materials ................................... 90
4.2 Selection Based on In Vitro Cytotoxicity and Cell Viability Test ... 91
4.3 Summary .............................................. 100
References .................................................. 106