Insects on palms

414 Pages·2001·5.374 MB·English

by  F W Howard, et al

Insects on Palms
i

Insects on Palms
F.W. Howard,
D. Moore,
R.M. Giblin-Davis
and
R.G. Abad
CABIPublishing
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London,UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Insects on palms / by Forrest W. Howard … [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-85199-326-5 (alk. paper)
1. Palms--Diseases and pests. 2. Insect pests. 3. Insect pests--Control. I. Howard, F.
W.
SB608.P22 I57 2001
634.9’74--dc21
00-057965
ISBN 0 85199 326 5
Typeset by Columns Design Ltd, Reading
Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn
Contents
List of Boxes vii
Authors and Contributors viii
Acknowledgements x
Preface xiii
1 The Animal Class Insecta and the Plant Family Palmae 1
Forrest W. Howard
2 Defoliators of Palms 33
Lepidoptera 34
Forrest W. Howard and Reynaldo G. Abad
Coleoptera 81
Forrest W. Howard and Reynaldo G. Abad
Orthoptera 104
Dave Moore and Forrest W. Howard
Phasmida and Hymenoptera 106
Forrest W. Howard
3 Sap-feeders on Palms 109
Forrest W. Howard
Hemiptera: Heteroptera 115
Forrest W. Howard
Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha 128
Forrest W. Howard and Michael R. Wilson
Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha 161
Forrest W. Howard
Thysanoptera 227
Forrest W. Howard
Acari 228
Dave Moore and Forrest W. Howard
v
vi Contents
4 Insects of Palm Flowers and Fruits 233
Dave Moore
5 Borers of Palms 267
Robin M. Giblin-Davis
6 Population Regulation of Palm Pests 305
Dave Moore
7 Principles of Insect Pest Control on Palms 315
Forrest W. Howard
8 Field Techniques for Studies of Palm Insects 322
Forrest W. Howard
References 333
Index 381
List of Boxes
All boxes by Forrest W. Howard unless otherwise noted
Box 1.1. The regions of perpetual summer: a primer on tropical and
near-tropical climates. 8
Box 1.2. Varietal names of palms. 26
Box 1.3. A use for every day of the year. 29
Box 2.1. The winged weapons from Elephant Stone: classical biological
control of the Levuanamoth. 56
Box 2.2. Right on target: classical biological control of a coconut
leaf-miner in Fiji. 94
Box 3.1. How palm diseases are named. 116
Box 3.2. Probing the unseen world: how phytoplasmas are detected
in plants. 139
Box 3.3. A whitefly on coconut palms in the time of Wordsworth. 170
Box 3.4. Dwellers in the secret garden: mites of the superfamily
Eriophyoidea on palms. 230
James Amrine and Forrest W. Howard
Box 4.1. Keeping coconut varieties pure: applied pollination biology. 243
Eric H. Erickson and Forrest W. Howard
Box 5.1. Palms and entomophagy. 274
Robin M. Giblin-Davis
Box 5.2. Red-ring disease. 276
Robin M. Giblin-Davis
Box 5.3. Semiochemicals for management of borers. 279
Robin M. Giblin-Davis
Box 8.1. On top of the world. 327
vii
Authors and Contributors
Nowher so bisy a man as he ther n’as,
And yet he semed bisier than he was.
…
But all be that he was a philosophre,
Yet hadde he but litel gold in cofre.
(Geoffrey Chaucer (1340–1400), English poet. The Canterbury Tales)
The Authors agricultural pests in many tropical
countries.
Forrest W. Howard(Figs 8.3 and 8.5) is an Robin M. Giblin-Davis (Fig. 8.7) is a
Associate Professor of Entomology at the Professor of Entomology and Nematology
University of Florida’s Fort Lauderdale with the University of Florida at the Fort
Research and Education Center. He Lauderdale Research and Education
graduated with a BSc from the State Center. He received his BSc and PhD in
University of New York College of entomology from the University of
Environmental Sciences and Forestry, California, Davis. His research focuses on
and received his MSc and PhD in ento- the chemical ecology of palm weevils
mology from Louisiana State University. and their role as vectors of red-ring dis-
His main research interest is in the bio- ease of coconut palms.
nomics of Hemiptera of palms and other Reynaldo G. Abad (Fig. 8.4) was with the
tropical plants. Photographs, SEM scans Philippine Coconut Authority from
and drawings in this book are by this 1970 to 1999, serving as Scientist and
author unless otherwise noted. Division Chief. His research focused on
Dave Moore(Fig. 7.1) has been a biological rhinoceros beetles and nettle caterpillars
control specialist with CABI Biosciences of coconut palms. He is currently an
since 1984. He received his BSc in biol- entomologist with Dole Food Company,
ogy from Portsmouth Polytechnic (now Inc. He studied at the University of the
the University of Portsmouth) and his Philippines, Los Baños, receiving his
PhD in agricultural entomology from BSc in Agriculture and his MSc in plant
Reading University. He has conducted pathology from that institution. His PhD
research on the coconut mite in the in entomology is from Virginia
West Indies and has been involved in Polytechnic Institute and State
the development of biological control of University in the USA.
viii
Authors and Contributors ix
The Contributors Department of Agriculture, Tucson,
Arizona.
James W. Amrine, Jr, is a Professor of Michael R. Wilson is a taxonomist on the
Entomology at the University of West staff of the National Museum of
Virginia, Morgantown. His speciality is Wales, Cardiff. His speciality is Auch-
eriophyid mites. enorrhyncha, and he has been par-
Eric H. Erickson, Jr, is an apiculturist at ticularly active in studies of
the Carl Hayden Bee Research Center, auchenorrhynchous species associated
Agricultural Research Service, US with palms.
Acknowledgements
We thank our colleagues in entomology, Sergipe, Brazil; Dr Jack Fisher, Fairchild
botany, horticulture, plant pathology and Tropical Garden (FTG), Miami; Dr Imre
other sciences who have helped us Foldi, Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle,
improve this book by sharing their knowl- Paris; Dr Adalgisa Guglielmino,
edge and ideas with us. Many of them gen- Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante,
erously provided us with photographs to Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy; Dr
help illustrate our discussions. Penny J. Gullan, Australian National
Scientists who helped us improve our University, Canberra; Dr Susan Halbert,
book by reviewing sections of the manu- Florida Department of Agriculture and
script include: Dr Abdulaziz Al-Ajlan, King Consumer Services (FDACS), Gainesville;
Faisal University, Al-Hasa, Saudi Arabia; Dr MrHugh Harries, Centro de Investigación
Emanuel D. Aterrado, Philippine Coconut Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Mérida,
Authority (PCA), Davao; Dr Richard Mexico; Dr Nigel Harrison, UF, Fort
Baranowski, University of Florida (UF), Lauderdale; Dr James Howell, University of
Homestead; Dr Bradley C. Bennett, Florida Georgia, Tifton; Dr Dennis Johnson,
International University, Miami; Dr Carlos Cincinnati, Ohio; Dr Phil Jones, Rothamsted
Chinchilla, ASD de Costa Rica, San José; Experimental Station, Harpenden, UK; Dr
Dr Michel Dollet, Centre de Coopération Jean-François Julia, CIRAD, Montpellier,
Internationale en Recherche Agronomique France; Dr Meir Klein, Agricultural
pour le Développement (CIRAD), Research Organization, Bet-Dagan, Israel; Dr
Montpellier, France; Dr Joseph Eger, Dow Dominique Mariau, CIRAD, Montpellier,
AgroSciences, Tampa, Florida; Dr Marc France; Dr Douglass R. Miller, Systematic
E. Epstein, Smithsonian Institution, Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural
Washington, DC; Dr Priyanthie Fernando, Research Service, US Department of
Coconut Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Agriculture (ARS, USDA), Beltsville,
Lunuwila; Ms Joana María Santos Maryland; Ing. Agron. Sigifredo Mora,
Ferreira, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá;
Agropecuaria (EMBRAPA), Aracajú, Dr Charles W. O’Brien, Florida A & M
x