Insects and pollution

408 Pages·2018·23.035 MB·English

by  Heliövaara, Kari, Väisänen, Rauno

INSECTS
and
POLLUTION

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
HeliÖvaara, Kari.
Insects and pollution / Kari HeliÖvaara, Rauno Väisänen.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and indexes.
ISBN 0-8493-6191-5
1. Insects—Effect of pollution on. 2. Insects—Ecology.
3. Pollution—Environmental aspects. I. Väisänen, Rauno. II. Title.
QL496.4.H45 1993
595.7’05222—dc20 92-26120
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 92026120
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in the original copies may be apparent.
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ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89452-2 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07362-2 (ebk)
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AUTHORS
Kari Heliovaara, Ph.D., is a Leading Researcher at the Finnish Forest
Research Institute and a Senior Lecturer (applied zoology) at the University of
Helsinki. Basically he is a forest entomologist, but his scientific production
also deals with ecotoxicological and environmental entomology. Dr. Heliovaara
has served as an expert in the scientific and technical cooperation between the
USA and Finland, and actively participated in the working group of forest
entomology in the Nordic countries. He is married, has two sons, and lives in
Helsinki.
Rauno Vaisanen, Ph.D., is the Head of the Nature Conservation Research
Unit in the Board of Waters and the Environment, and a Senior Lecturer
(zoology) at the University of Helsinki. He started his scientific career in
systematics, but has later been more interested in conservation ecology and
biogeography. He has served in several governmental committees and working
groups on nature conservation and environmental issues. Dr. Viiisiinen is the
vice-chairman of the Finnish Lepidopterological Society and the chairman of
the Lepidoptera Group of the WWF Finland. He is also a member of the IUCN
Species Survival Commission. He is married and lives in Helsinki.

PREFACE
In this book we have attempted to provide an overview of both the direct and
indirect effects of pollution on insects and to discuss the ecological and
economic consequences of these changes at the individual, population, and
ecosystem levels. The book is primarily intended for advanced undergraduates,
graduate students, and researchers in entomology and environmental sciences,
as well as for civil servants concerned with insects or ecosystems. This book
can also be used to gain a better understanding of human impact on the global
ecosystem.
We have reviewed the published literature dealing with insects and pollu-
tion. The first chapters review the studies on pollutant-induced changes in
insects classified according to their trophic position, taxonomy, and develop-
mental stage. These changes are considered in different spatial and temporal
scales, climatic and vegetational zones, as well as in different habitats. The
effects of different pollutants are described in both terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems, in two comprehensive chapters. Subsequent chapters consider the
effects of pollutants on insect physiology, ecology, and evolution, updating
and synthesizing the available material. The last part of the book discusses
the ecological and economic consequences of pollution-induced changes in
insects.
We decided to act as authors of the whole volume instead of editing texts
from several authors. This challenging alternative speeds up the procedure and
makes a more coherent approach possible. It also decreases overlapping infor-
mation in different chapters. However, due to the multiapproach structure of
the book, some overlap is unavoidable. We preferred this structure that prob-
ably makes the text easier to use for applied readers and hope that general
readers do not find it too sectioned.
The literature used in compiling the text was partly obtained from abstract
services. We have carried out an exhaustive survey of the topic by collecting
information from Water Resource Abstracts, Biosis Previews, NTIS, Pollution
Abstracts, Zoological Record, Life Science Collection, Pascal, and Agricola.
However, since the information is widely scattered among a wide range of
sources in different countries, we cannot be sure that all the essential informa-
tion has passed through our hands. The text of the book is based on the data
and descriptions derived from the original papers. Although this field of
science is rather young, we have laid particular emphasis on the most recent
literature. We attempt to present well-documented facts on which we have
based our interpretations. The documentary text is followed by short conclu-
sions at the end of each chapter. Our own bias is on research; consequently, in
several chapters in this book we emphasize the need for further entomological
and ecotoxicological research.
The compilation and writing of this book was made possible by the research
performed by a large number of scientists. We are indebted to all those authors
who are cited in this review.
We are particularly indebted to Mr. Reijo Lindstrom, who collected most of
the literature from libraries and did much to promote the whole procedure in
many ways, and to Mr. Bjorn-Oiof Olsson for careful assistance in the text
processing. Ms. Arja Hyvarinen, Ms. Liisa Ikavalko-Ahvonen, Mr. Vilke
Pursiheimo, and Ms. Marita Rosengren helped in the literature survey. We
thank Ms. Sari Elomaa, Mr. Risto Hiukka, Ms. Auli Immonen, and Ms. Outi
Nummi for technical assistance. The English language of the first version was
checked by Mr. John Derome. We acknowledge support from the Finnish
Forest Research Institute, Vantaa, Finland, which also provided the working
facilities, and from the National Board of Waters and the Environment, Helsinki,
Finland.
We are grateful to several colleagues for valuable discussions or for com-
menting on the manuscript: W. AI-Houty (Safat, Kuwait), R. 0. Butowsky
(Moscow, Russia), I. M. Campbell (West Hill, Ontario), W. H. Clements (Fort
Collins, CO), V. Clulow (Sudbury, Ontario), J. S. Coleman (Syracuse, NY),
R. L. Crunkilton (Columbia, MO), C. Dahl (Uppsala, Sweden), A. Davis
(Canberra, Australia), L. M. Dosdall (Vegreville, Alberta), H. Ellenberg (Ham-
burg, Germany), M. Eyre (Newcastle-upon-Tyne, U.K.), S. A. Frenzel (Logan,
UT), E. Ftihrer (Vienna, Austria), R. Haack (East Lansing, Ml), S. Hagvar (As,
Norway), F. P. Hain (Raleigh, NC), A. S. Heagle (Raleigh, NC), H. Hokkanen
(Helsinki), J. K. Holopainen (Kuopio, Finland), S. P. Hopkin (Reading, U.K.),
A. Jansson (Helsinki), P. Kosalwat (Gainesville, FL), Z. Kovats (Windsor,
Ontario), D.P. Kreutzweiser (Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario), S. Larsson (Uppsala,
Sweden), S. Laurema (Helsinki), M. Lodenius (Helsinki), W. J. Mattson (East
Lansing, MI), C. P. McCahan (Research Triangle Park, NC), K. Mikkola
(Helsinki), S. Neuvonen (Turku, Finland), M.A. Novak (Albany, NY), S. J.
Ormerod (Cardiff, U.K.), Z. Przybylski (Rzesz6w, Poland), S. Rundgren (Lund,
Sweden), J. Sarvala (Turku, Finland), D. W. Schloesser (Ann Arbor, MI),
G. H. Schmidt (Hannover, Germany), J. M. Scriber (East Lansing, MI), N. M.
van Straalen (Amsterdam, The Netherlands), I. Teras (Helsinki), J. Trumble
(Riverside, CA), S. Turunen (Helsinki), A.-L. Varis (Helsinki), S. Warrington
(Hatfield, U.K.), G. R. Williams (West Hill, Ontario), J. Witter (Ann Arbor,
MI), and L. W. Wood (Albany, NY).
This book includes material reproduced from original sources in a
wide range of journals and other publications. We are deeply grateful to
the authors, learned societies, and publishers, who granted permission for
reproduction.
Finally, we wish to thank our families for support, patience, and
judiciousness.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface
Chapter 1. Introduction .................................................................................... 1
I. Background and Objectives .................................................. 1
II. Concepts and Definitions ...................................................... 2
A. Insects .............................................................................. 2
B. Pollution .......................................................................... 3
C. Biological and Environmental Concepts ....................... .4
Chapter 2. Studies on Insects in Relation to Pollution .................................. 7
I. Introduction ........................................................................... 7
II. Trophic Groups ..................................................................... 9
A. Herbivores ....................................................................... 9
B. Predators ........................................................................ 12
C. Decomposers ................................................................. 13
III. Insect Taxa .......................................................................... 14
A. Collembola .................................................................... 14
B. Ephemeroptera ............................................................... 16
C. Odonata .......................................................................... 16
D. Plecoptera ...................................................................... 17
E. Orthoptera ...................................................................... 18
F. Heteroptera .................................................................... 18
G. Homoptera ..................................................................... 20
H. Lepidoptera .................................................................... 22
I. Trichoptera .................................................................... 24
J. Diptera ........................................................................... 25
K. Hymenoptera ................................................................. 27
L. Coleoptera ...................................................................... 28
M. Other Orders .................................................................. 29
IV. Developmental Stages ......................................................... 30
A. Egg ................................................................................. 30
B. Larva .............................................................................. 30
C. Pupa ............................................................................... 31
D. Imago ............................................................................. 31
V. Conclusions ......................................................................... 32
Chapter 3. Effects of Pollution in Different Environments .......................... 33
I. Spatial and Temporal Scales ............................................... 33
II. Climatic and Vegetational Zones ........................................ 36
A. Arctic ............................................................................. 36
B. Boreal, Nemoral, and Mediterranean ............................ 37
C. Subtropical and Tropical ............................................... 39