Insecticides: Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies

558 Pages·2016·17.9 MB·English

by  Trdan S. (Ed.)

INSECTICIDES
DEVELOPMENT OF SAFER
AND MORE EFFECTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES
Edited by Stanislav Trdan
INSECTICIDES -
DEVELOPMENT OF SAFER
AND MORE EFFECTIVE
TECHNOLOGIES
Edited by Stanislav Trdan
Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3356
Edited by Stanislav Trdan
Contributors
Mahdi Banaee, Philip Koehler, Alexa Alexander, Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, Juliana Cristina Dos Santos, Ronald Zanetti
Bonetti Filho, Denilson Ferrreira De Oliveira, Giovanna Gajo, Dejane Santos Alves, Stuart Reitz, Yulin Gao, Zhongren
Lei, Christopher Fettig, Donald Grosman, A. Steven Munson, Nabil El-Wakeil, Nawal Gaafar, Ahmed Ahmed Sallam,
Christa Volkmar, Elias Papadopoulos, Mauro Prato, Giuliana Giribaldi, Manuela Polimeni, Žiga Laznik, Stanislav Trdan,
Shehata E. M. Shalaby, Gehan Abdou, Andreia Almeida, Francisco Amaral Villela, João Carlos Nunes, Geri Eduardo
Meneghello, Adilson Jauer, Moacir Rossi Forim, Bruno Perlatti, Patrícia Luísa Bergo, Maria Fátima Da Silva, João
Fernandes, Christian Nansen, Solange Maria De França, Mariana Breda, César Badji, José Vargas Oliveira, Gleberson
Guillen Piccinin, Alan Augusto Donel, Alessandro Braccini, Gabriel Loli Bazo, Keila Regina Hossa Regina Hossa,
Fernanda Brunetta Godinho Brunetta Godinho, Lilian Gomes De Moraes Dan, Maria Lourdes Aldana Madrid, Maria
Isabel Silveira, Fabiola-Gabriela Zuno-Floriano, Guillermo Rodríguez-Olibarría, Patrick Kareru, Zachaeus Kipkorir Rotich,
Esther Wamaitha Maina, Taema Imo
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First published January, 2013
Printed in Croatia
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Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]
Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies, Edited by Stanislav Trdan
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0958-7

Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 Non-Target Effects of Insecticides 1
Chapter 1 Side Effects of Insecticides on Natural Enemies and Possibility
of Their Integration in Plant Protection Strategies 3
Nabil El-Wakeil, Nawal Gaafar, Ahmed Sallam and Christa Volkmar
Chapter 2 Pesticide-Residue Relationship and Its Adverse Effects on
Occupational Workers 57
Nabil El-Wakeil, Shehata Shalaby, Gehan Abdou and Ahmed Sallam
Chapter 3 Predicting the Effects of Insecticide Mixtures on Non-Target
Aquatic Communities 83
Alexa C. Alexander and Joseph M. Culp
Chapter 4 Physiological Dysfunction in Fish After Insecticides
Exposure 103
Mahdi Banaee
Section 2 Integrated Methods for Pest Control 143
Chapter 5 Research on Seasonal Dynamics of 14 Different Insects Pests in
Slovenia Using Pheromone Traps 145
Žiga Laznik and Stanislav Trdan
Chapter 6 The Use of Behavioral Manipulation Techniques On Synthetic
Insecticides Optimization 175
Solange Maria de França, Mariana Oliveira Breda, Cesar A. Badji and
José Vargas de Oliveira
Chapter 7 The Performance of Insecticides – A Critical Review 195
Christian Nansen and James Thomas Ridsdill-Smith
VI Contents
Chapter 8 Insecticide Use and the Ecology of Invasive Liriomyza
Leafminer Management 233
Stuart R. Reitz, Yulin Gao and Zhongren Lei
Section 3 Non-Chemical Alternatives to Insecticides 255
Chapter 9 Plant–Derived Products for Leaf–Cutting Ants Control 257
Juliana Cristina dos Santos, Ronald Zanetti, Denilson Ferreira de
Oliveira, Giovanna Cardoso Gajo and Dejane Santos Alves
Chapter 10 Use of Botanicals and Safer Insecticides Designed in Controlling
Insects: The African Case 295
Patrick Kareru, Zachaeus Kipkorir Rotich and Esther Wamaitha
Maina
Section 4 Insecticides and Human Health 309
Chapter 11 Insecticide Residuality of Mexican Populations
Occupationally Exposed 311
María-Lourdes Aldana-Madrid, María-Isabel Silveira-Gramont,
Fabiola-Gabriela Zuno-Floriano and Guillermo Rodríguez-Olibarría
Chapter 12 DDT as Anti-Malaria Tool: The Bull in the China Shop or the
Elephant in the Room? 331
Mauro Prato, Manuela Polimeni and Giuliana Giribaldi
Section 5 Insecticides and Environment 363
Chapter 13 Impact of Systemic Insecticides on Organisms and
Ecosystems 365
Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, Henk A. Tennekes and Koichi Goka
Chapter 14 Thiamethoxam: An Inseticide that Improve Seed Rice
Germination at Low Temperature 415
Andréia da Silva Almeida, Francisco Amaral Villela, João Carlos
Nunes, Geri Eduardo Meneghello and Adilson Jauer
Chapter 15 Spatial and Monthly Behaviour of Selective Organochlorine
Pesticides in Subtropical Estuarine Ecosystems 425
T.S. Imo, T. Oomori, M.A. Sheikh, T. Miyagi and F. Tamaki
Contents VII
Section 6 Insecticides Against Pests of Urban Area, Forests and
Farm Animals 443
Chapter 16 Bait Evaluation Methods for Urban Pest Management 445
Bennett W. Jordan, Barbara E. Bayer, Philip G. Koehler and Roberto
M. Pereira
Chapter 17 Advances in Insecticide Tools and Tactics for Protecting
Conifers from Bark Beetle Attack in the Western
United States 471
Christopher J. Fettig, Donald M. Grosman and A. Steven Munson
Chapter 18 The Use of Deltamethrin on Farm Animals 493
Papadopoulos Elias
Section 7 Biotechnology and Other Advances in Pest Control 503
Chapter 19 Use of Biotechnology in the Control of Insects-Prague 505
Gleberson Guillen Piccinin, Alan Augusto Donel, Alessandro de
Lucca e Braccini, Lilian Gomes de Morais Dan, Keila Regina Hossa,
Gabriel Loli Bazo and Fernanda Brunetta Godinho
Chapter 20 Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Insecticides: A Controlled
Release Purpose for Agrochemicals 521
Bruno Perlatti, Patrícia Luísa de Souza Bergo, Maria Fátima das
Graças Fernandes da Silva, João Batista Fernandes and Moacir Rossi
Forim

Preface
Insecticides are products that help to minimise the damage to plants, animals and human
beings by controlling pest insects. From the point of view of protecting cultivated or wild-
growing plants, insects are the most important group of pests because theyrepresent the
most abundant animal group. Of the approximately 1.2 million known insect species, 5,000
to 10,000 are economically noxious,and their influence on reduced quantity and quality of
plants depends on numerous abiotic and biotic factors. The most important biotic factor is
the role of humans, who with appropriate control measures for pest insects can achieve the
desired result – the reduction of individual abundance under the economic threshold of
damage. However,with unsuitable control measures,humans can also demolish the natural
balance in agroecosystems,resulting in larger noxiousness of harmful organisms or a de‐
creased production economy.
Until the Second World War, only some insecticides were known. Some inorganic substan‐
ces (arsenious, leaden, baric) were used to control biting insects;on smaller scales, plant ex‐
tracts (tobacco, rotenone) were used against sucking insects; and carbolines or mineral oils
were usedfor thewinter spraying of fruit trees. Close to and after the Second World War,
organic insecticides were chemically synthesised, and this method spread worldwide in the
fifties.These synthesised insecticides were chlorinate carbon hydrogen (DDT, lindane, en‐
drine) and organic phosphor esters, which control biting and sucking insects.The develop‐
ment ofcarbamates, synthetic pyretroids, neonicotinoids, octadiazyonids, antifeedants, and
inhibitors and regulators of insect development followed.The last two groups along with
natural and plant insecticides are an important part of integrated plant protection and other
forms of environmentally friendly production of food, ornamental plants or forage feed.
Their efficacies, when compared to the groups of insecticidesfirst mentioned,areseveral
times smaller but they can offer protection measures (usage of pheromone traps, colored
sticky boards, natural enemies, usage of resistant plant varieties, plant hygiene, etc.)when
combined with other plants to attain better synergy and consequently reduce the abundance
of pest insects.
Experts and users of insecticides are aware of the great importance of this group of plant
protection products in providing sufficient quantities of food for the fast-growing human
population and feed for livestock, which isan important food source for the majority of the
human population.Still, many negative examples of improper usage of insecticides from the
past and present warn us about the great attention necessary when using insecticides. The
application of insecticides, especially the improper application, can cause many negative
outcomes. The number of selective insecticide products is relatively small; thus, many insec‐
ticides demonstrate a non-targeted influence on other insect species includingbeneficialspe‐
cies. A smaller number of natural enemies can also influence the larger abundance and
X Preface
noxiousness of other species of insects, which before the usage of nonselective insecticides
did not have any important economical meaning in agroecosystems.The second difficulty
when unsuitable usage of insecticide occursis the phenomenon of resistance and the fact
that,until now, more than 500 species of insects and mites were documented. Althoughthe
price of insecticides is quite low when compared to natural enemies, the cost of insecticides
increases due to the appearance of secondary pests, the appearance of resistance, govern‐
ment measures and the legal procedures obliged to healthy and integrated food and envi‐
ronment influence.
In this book, experts from different continents present the advantages and problems when
applying insecticides and the possibilities for using other measures. The aim of this book is
to educateresearchers, scientists, students and end users (farmers, hobby producers)about
insecticides and their usage.
This book is dedicated to my family, my wife Milena, daughtersŠpela, Neža and Urška, and
sons, Gašper, Miha and Peter, who assisted me in many ways. I extend to them my love and
appreciation.
Stanislav Trdan
Head of the Chair of Phytomedicine,
Agricultural Engineering, Crop Production,
Pasture and Grassland Management
Dept. of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty,
University of Ljubljana, Slovenia