Insecta

565 Pages·2003·20.5 MB·

State Fauna Series 9
FAUNA OF SIKKIM
PART-2
Edited by
The Director
Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata
Zoological Survey of India
Kolkata
CITATION
Editor-Director, 2003. State Fauna Series 9, Fauna of Sikkim-Part 2, 1-557 (Published-Director,
Zoo I. Surv. India, Kolkata)
Published: September, 2003
ISBN: 81-8171-008-8
'roject ~o-ordinatlJr
Dr. J. R. B. Alfred
(Director, Zoological Survey of India)
© Government of India, 2003
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State Fauna of Series
FAUNA OF SIKKIM
PART-2 2003 Pages 1-.557
CONTENTS
1. IXODID TICKS (ACARI: IXODIDAE) ................................................................................ 1-10
A. K. Sanyal and S. K. De
2. ACARI: PLANT MITE ...................................... ~ ................................................................. 11-35
S. K. Gupta
3. ORIBATID MITES (ACARI: ORIBATIDA) ...................................................................... 37-66
A. K Sanyal
4. ARANEAE: SPIDERS ....................................................................................................... 67-100
Bijan Biswas and Kajal Biswas
5. INSECTA: THYSANURA (APTERYGOTA) ................................................................. 101-107
A. K Hazra, M. Biswas and G. P. Mandai
6. INSECTA: COLLEMBOLA ............................................................................................ 109-123
A. K Hazra, G. P. Mandal, S. K Mitra artd Miss B. Bhattacharyya
7. INSECTA: ODONATA .................................................................................................... 125-164
Tribid Ranjan Mitra
8. INSECTA: ORTHOPTERA : ACRIDOIDEA AND EUMASTACOIDEA .................... 165-192
M. S. Shishodia, Anita Dey and S. K. Tandon
9. INSECTA: ORTHOPTERA : TETTIGONIIDAE .......................................................... 193-201
R. S. Barman
10. INSECTA: DERMAPTERA ............................................................................................ 203-226
G. K Srivastava
11. INSECTA: Bl.aATTARIAE ............................................................................................... 227-237
S. K. Mandal
12. INSECTA: ISOPTERA .................................................................................................... 239-249
P. K. Maiti, N. Saha, P. H. Roy and A. Sar
13. INSECTA: HEMIPTERA: HOMOPTERA : APHIDIDAE .......................................... 251-401
L. K. Ghosh and R. C. Basu
14. ·APHID-HOST PLANT ASSOCIATION IN SIKKIM .................................................. 403-437
L. K. Ghosh and P. K. Mondal
(iv)
15. INSECTA: HOMOPTERA : CICADELLOIDEA ........................................................... 439-461
M. Ghosh and L. K. Ghosh
16. INSECTA: HOMOPTERA : CICADOIDEA .................................................................. 463-475
M. Ghosh, G. C. Sen and L. K Ghosh
17. INSECTA: HOMOPTERA : CERCOPOIDEA ............................................................... 477-487
B. Biswas and L. K. Ghosh
18. INSECTA: HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA : COREOIDEA ..................................... 489-508
R. C. Basu and S. C. Mitra
19. INSECTA: HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA : PENTATOMOIDE ............................ 509-524
S. P. Chakraborty and L. K Ghosh
20. INSECTA: HETEROPTERA : REDUVIIDAE .............................................................. 525-540
B. Biswas and Animesh Bal
21. INSECTA: HEMIPTERA: WATER-BUGS .................................................................. 541-557
Animesh Bal and R. C. Basu
Zool. Surv. India
State Fauna Series 9,' Fauna ofSikkim (Part 2) : 1-10,2003
IXODID TICKS (ACARI : IXODIDAE)
A. K. SANY AL AND S. K. DE
Zoological Survey of India. 'M' Block. New Alipore. Kolkata-700 053
INTRODUCTION survey parties of the Zoological Survey of India,
which are available in the National Zoological
The ixodid ticks belong to the order Acarina
Collection. The work also includes the species
and suborder Metastigmata. These are commonly
which have not been studied by the authors but
known as hard bodied ticks and distributed
are reported from the State by the earlier workers.
throughout the world. These ticks inhabit animals
and man as ectoparasite and cause several dreadly A brief account of the Surveys undertaken for
diseases. They also spend a period of their life in the present study and collection of ticks from
vegetation. other surveys is given below:
The immense medical and veterinary J. Sikkim Survey - Dr. H. S. Sharma (April,
importance of this group of tick has initiated the 1973)
interest of acarologists of the world to study these
2. Sikkim Survey - Sri S. K. De. (August
parasitic arthropods. The Indian ixodids have also
September, 1978)
been studied by many scientists, but most of the
3. Sikkim Survey - Dr. A. K. Sanyal
states of India have not yet been thoroughly
(February, J 990)
surveyed for this group of tick.
4. Sikkim Survey - Sri A. Ahmed
Before the present work was initiated 17
(September, 1992)
species under 7 genera were known from the
State of Sikkim;The ixodid tick was first collected 5. Sikkim Survey - Dr. A. K. Sanyal & Sri
from Sikkim by Hennond and that was recorded S. K. De (May. 1998).
by Neumann in 1901. Later, Sharif (1928) while
The paper presents a list of 19 species including
studying the collection of ixodid ticks in the
3 unidentified species, under 7 genera of ixodid
Indian Museum reported one species Amblyomma
ticks hitherto known from Sikkim. The first and
testudinarium from the State. Morel (1963)
most important references, agnostic features of
recorded Ixodes ovatus from Sikkim. In the next
each species, key to the identification of genern
year Dhanda and Rao (1964) reported four species
and species have been incorporated in the paper.
from Syriani', Sikkim. Later, Hoogstraal, Dhanda
The species studied by the present authors are
and Bhat (1970), Hoogstraal and Mitchell (1971)
deposited in the National Zoological Collection.
and Rao, Dhanda, Bhat and Kulkarni (1973)
Zoological Survey of India.
studied the ixodid tick fauna of Sikkim based on
the specimens conected by themselves and by
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
Major R.K.O. Hingston in 1924 and Varma,
Mahadev~n and Desmukh during 1968-1970. Material and Methods: The two nlethods "i:. ..
The present work is based on a series of "Hand picking" and "Flag-dragging" were mainly
collection of ixodid ticks made from Sikkim by employed for collecting ticks. The details have
the authors and the specimens collected by other been given in Sanyal and De (1992).
2 State Fauna Series 9, Fauna of Sikkinz
General Morpholgy and Terminology: The 5. Genus Hyalomma Koch
external features of ixodid ticks which are of 13. H. anatolicum anatolicum .K och
taxonomic importance are grouped into capitulum,
14. H. hussain; Sharif
dorsum and venter.
IS. Hyalomma sp.
Capitulum : It is the anterior most part of the'
6. Genus Ixodes Latreille
body of ticks. The capitulum is made of basis
16. I. acutitarsus (Karsch)
capituli, palps, chelicerae or mandible, hypostome
17. I. ovatus Neumann
and tongue.
18. Ixodes sp.
Dorsum : The dorsum of ixodid ticks contains
the featur~s like scutum or shield, pseudoscutum, 7. Genus Rltipicephalus Koch
scapulae, eyes, porose areas or foveae, fields, 19. R. haemaphysaloides Supino
spots and stripes, grooves, punctations, festoons,
Key to the genera of IXODID TICKS
and caudal process. All of these features may not
from Sikkim
be present in a single species of tick.
1. Eyes· absent, anal groove extending anteriorly
Venter: The venter or the ventral surface of
around anus ......................... lxodes Latreille
the body of ticks shows the structures like genital
aperture, anus, groove, shield and plaque and leg. Eyes present or absent; anal groove extending
posteriorly or absent ........................., ......... 2
The details of morphological features have
2. Eyes absent; capitulum short with lateral
been discussed in Sanyal and De (1992).
salience on pal pal article II .......................... .
......... ...... ......... ............ Haemaphysalis Koch
LIST OF TAXA KNOWN FROM SIKKIM
Eyes present; capitulum long or short ....... 3
Family IXODIDAE
3. Capitulum long with long-narrow palps ... 4
1. Genus Amblyomma Koch
Capitulum short with short broad palps .... 5
1. A. testudinarium Koch
4. Ventral shields present in male; scutum
2. Genus Boophilus Curtice
usually inornate; eyes spherical and orbital
2. B. microplus (Canestrini)
........................................... Hyalonll11a Koch
3. Genus Dermacentor
Ventral shields absent in male; scutum usual1y
3. Dermacentor sp.
ornate; eyes l:lsually flat and non-orbital .....
4. Genus Haemaphysalis Koch . .... ................................... Anlb~yomnla Koch
4. H. aponommoides Warburton 5. Basis capituli rectangular dorsal1y, lateral
5. H. bispinosa Neumann saliences absent; scutum ornate; ventral
shields absent in m~le; coxa IV much longer
6. H. cornigera Neumann
than others ..................... Dernlacentor Koch
7. H. davisi Hoogstraal, Dhanda and Bhat
6. Spiracle oval; festoons and groove faint or
8. H. mOlltgonleryi Nuttall
obsolete; setiferous ventral plate on palpaJ
9. H. nepalensis Hoogstraal article I absent ................. Boophilus Curtice
10. H. ramachandrai Dhanda, Hoogstraal and
Spiracle sub-triangular or comma-shaped;
Bhat
festoons and anal groove well developed;
] 1. H. sundrai Sharif setiferous ventra) plate on pa)pal article I
12. Haemaphysalis sp. present ......................... Rhipicephalus Koch
SANYA L and DE : Ixodid Ticks (Acari : Ixodidae) 3
1. Genus Amblyomma Koch l.ix.1978. coli S. K. De; 15(F), 12(M), Syori,
Gangtok, from ca~le, 3.ix.1978, coli. S. K. De;
1844. Amblyomma Koch, Arch. Naturgesch. 10 : 223-231.
62(F), 5(M), Phensong, Gangtok, from goat,
]. Amblyomma testudinarium Koch 5.ix.] 978, coli. S. K. De; 8(F), 6(M), Kumbre,
Rangpo, from cattle, l.ix.1978, coli. S. K. De;
1844. Amblyomma testudinarium Koch. Arch. Naturgesch.,
21(F), 14(M), Yangtang, Gezzing, from cattle,
10(1) : 226.
12.ii.1990, coli. A. K. Sanyal; 22(F), 1( M),
1926. Amblyomma testudinarium, Robinson, Ticks-Mongr.
Jogidara, Dentum, from cattle, 20.ii.1990. coli.
Ixodoidea pt. 4 (Cambridge University Press) : 257.
A. K. Sanyal; 26(F), I (M), Lingching, from cattle,
1928. Amblyomma testudinarium, Sharif, Rec. Indian Mus., 22.ii.1990, coli. A. K. Sanyal; 5(F), towards
30(3) : 330.
Dzengu, Mangan, from cattle, 23.ix.1992, coli. S.
Diagnosis : Male-Ornamented pale coloured Ahmed; 6(F), 1( M), Charanbari, Gangtok, from
scutum with dark brown markings; falcifonn stripe cattle, 17.ix.1993, coli. S. Ahmed; 15(F), Saem,
large and thick; deep punctations numerous; 20 kms. away from mangan, from cattle,
porose areas moderately large; dentition 4/4; coxa 28.ix.1993, coli. T. K. Pal; 17(F), 3(M), Jorethung,
I with moderately stout spurs. from cattle, l.ix.1990. colI. A. K. Sanyal, 4(F),
1( M), Rabangla, from cow, 2. vi. 1998, coli. A. K.
Host : Unknown.
Sanyal and S. K. De; 66(F), 16(M), Rangpo, from
Distribution : Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh,
cow, 4.vi.1998, coIl. A. K. Sanyal and S. K. De.
Assam, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Diagnosis: Male-Hirsute scutum; short and
Meghalaya, Punjab,. Orissa, West Bengal.
tapering caudal appendage; dentition 4/4; inner
Remarks : The species was earlier reported
margin of basal pal pal segment ventrally concave.
from Sikkim by Sharif (] 928) from unknown
Female: Coxa I with deep inverted 'VI-shaped
host. It is not a commonly occuring species.
cleft; inner margin of basal palpaJ segment
2. Genus Boophilus Curtice ventrally short, deeply concave; dentition 4/4.
1891. Boophilus Curtice, Journ. Compar. Med. Veter. Arch. Hosts : Cattle, goat.
12 : 313.
Distribution : Sikkim (Dentum, Gangtok,
2. Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)
Gezzing, Jorethang, Mangan, Rabang'a. Rangpo,
Siriyani), Arunachal Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar
1887. Haemaphysalis micropla Canestrini. Atti. Soc. Veneto.
trent. Sci. nat., 11 : 104. Islands, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal
Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Maharashtra,
1890 Rhipicephalus micropla Canestrini, Padova. 4 : 493.
Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab,
1899. Rhipicephalus australis Fuller, Od. Agric. J. • 4(5) :
Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West
389-394.
Bengal.
1901. Boophilus australis Stiles and Hassall. Bur. Anim.
Ind. U. S. Dept. • Agric. • Washington, D. C. Circ No.
Remark : This is a very common ixodid tick
34 (3) : 2-3.
found to attack cattle in Sikkim.
1943. Boophilus microplus, Fairchild, Am. J. Trop. Mes .•
23(6) : 586.
3. Genus Dermacentor Koch
1956. Boophilus microplus, Hoogstraal, African Ixodoidea.
1: 295-296. 1844. Dermacentor Koch. Arch. Nalurgtsll, lO( 1) : 235.
1964. Boophilus microplus. Dhanda and Rao, Indian. J.
3. Dermacentor sp.
Med Res., 52(11) : I lSI.
Material examined : 21 (F), 21 (M), Samdur, Remark : The unidentified species of
Gangtok, from cattle, 4.ix.] 978, coIl. S. K. De; Dermacentor was reported by Rao et al. (1973)
18(F), 15(M), Rumtek, Gangtok, from cattle, from Sikkim.
4 State Fauna Series 9, Fauna of Sikkim
4. Genus Haemaphysalis Koch Female
) 844. Haemaphysalis Koch. Arch. Nalllrgesh, 19( 1) : 217- 1( 2) Palps salient latrally ............................... .
239. . ................................ cornigera N~umann
Key to the species of Haemaphysalis 2(1) Palps moderately, or not salient laterally
3(14) Palps moderately salient laterally
Male
4(5) Trochantal spur distinct~ large ............... .
1( 2) Palps salient laterally .............................. .
. ............................... montgonzeryi Nuttall
................................. cornigera Neumann
5(4) Trochantal spur small
2( 1) Palps moderately or not salient laterally
6(11) Pal pal segment 3 with dorsal spur
3(14) Palps moderately salient laterally
7 (10) Hypostome dentition 4/4
4(9) Pal pal segment 3 with distinct dorsal spur
8(9) Lateral groove distinct, long; spurs on
5(8) Palpal segment 2 and 3 of equal length coxae II-IV reduced ............................... ~ .
............ ..................... bispinosa Neumann
6(7) Ventral spur or trochanter large; lateral
groove shallow, ventral spur on pal pal 9(8) ~ateral groove shallow; spurs on coxae
segment 3 large ...................................... . 11-IV reduced to short rounded ridges ...
................... ral11achandrai Dhanda et. al ................... ramachandrai Dhanda et al.
7(6) Ventral spur of trochanter lacking; lateral 10(7) Hypostome dentition 5/5 ........................ .
groove long; ventral spur on pal pal ........................... davisi Hoogstraal et ale
segment 3 small ...... bispinosa Neumann
II (6) Palpal segment 3 without dorsal spur
8(5) Palpal segment 2 longer than segment 3;
12(13) Hypostome dentition 4/4 ........................ .
ventral spur of trochanter moderate in
.............................. nepaiensis Hoogstraal
size; latral groove narrow; ventral spur on
13(12) Hypostome dentition 7/7 ....................... ..
pal pal segment 3 moderately large .........
. ......................................... sundrai Sharif
.......... : ................ davisi Hoogstraal et al.
14(3) Palps not salient laterally ....................... .
9( 4) Pal pal segment 3 without distinct dorsal
...................... aponommoides Warburton
spur
4. Haemaphysalis aponommoides Warburton
10(13) Lateral grove shallow
1913. Haemaphysalis aponommoides Warburton,
11 (12) Ventral spur on trochanter small;
Parasitology, 6 ; 128-] 30.
hypostome dentition 4/4 ......................... .
]962. Haemaphysalis aponommoides, Hoogstraal, J .
.............................. nepalensis Hoogstraal
Parasit., 48 : ]95-203.
12( 11) Ventral spur on trochanter large, triangular;
]970. Haemaphysalis aponommoides, Varma and
hypostome Qentition 6/6 ......................... . Mahadevan. Indian J. Med. Res., 58 ; 693-706.
.... ......... ......... .......... nlontgonleryi Nuttall 1971. Haemaphysalis (A lloceraea)) aponommoides,
Hoogstraal and Mitchell, J. Paras;l, 57(3) : 635-645.
13( 10) Lateral groove obsolete; ventral spur on
Diagnosis : Male-Numerous punctations;
trochanter small; hypostome dentition 5/5
festoons 11; segment 3 ventrally lacking retrograde
.......................................... sundrai Sharif
spur; spiracular plate narrowly elongate; posterior
14(3) Palps not salient laterally; ventral spur on
integument forming two leathery pseudoshieJd
pal pal segment 3 absent ......................... .
pitted by numerous large punctations each bearing
...................... apollol1ul1oides Warburton
a short seta.