Insect Pests of Potato: Global Perspectives on Biology and Management

520 Pages·2022·8.17 MB·English

by  Andrei Alyokhin, Silvia I. Rondon, Yulin Gao

Insect Pests of Potato
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Insect Pests of Potato
Global Perspectives on Biology and Management
SECOND EDITION
Edited by
Andrei Alyokhin
School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States
Silvia I. Rondon
Department of Crop and Soil Science, Hermiston Agricultural Research and Extension Center,
Oregon Integrated Pest Management Center, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
Yulin Gao
State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection,
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Contents
List of contributors xiii 3.2 Economics of seed pricing and
Preface xv production 15
3.2.1 Pricing 15
3.2.2 Seed production 17
3.3 Frozen processed potatoes 17
Part I
3.3.1 Market structure 17
Potato as an important staple crop 3.3.2 Frozen processed contract nego-
tiations and complications 18
1. Potatoes and their pests: setting the 3.3.3 Frozen processed contract
stage parameters 18
3.4 Potato chips 19
Andrei Alyokhin, Silvia I. Rondon and 3.5 Fresh potatoes 19
Yulin Gao 3.5.1 Market structure 19
3.5.2 Grading and packing 19
1.1 History and present status 3
3.5.3 Bargaining associations in the
1.2 Potatoes and human civilization 4
fresh potato industry 20
1.3 Insect pests 4 3.6 Storage economics 20
1.4 Meeting the challenge 4
3.6.1 Fixed costs 20
References 5
3.6.2 Storage variable costs 20
3.6.3 Understanding shrinkage 21
2. Growing potatoes
3.6.4 Other storage variable costs 21
Lakesh K. Sharma, Ahmed Zaeen and 3.6.5 Monthly break-even points 21
Sukhwinder Bali 3.7 US potato consumption trends 21
3.8 Potato demand 21
2.1 Introduction 7
3.8.1 Population size and distribution 22
2.2 Geographic distribution 7
3.8.2 Consumer income 23
2.3 Climate requirements 7
3.8.3 Other goods 23
2.4 Soil requirements 8
3.8.4 Consumer tastes and preferences 24
2.5 Soil reaction (pH) 8 3.9 Global trends and future prospects for
2.6 Major inputs: nitrogen, phosphorus,
potato demand in developing countries 24
potassium, sulfur, and organic matter 8 References 24
2.7 Irrigation requirements 9
2.8 Seedplantingdepth,spacing,
andhilling 10 Part II
2.9 Time to maturity 10
2.10 Types of cultivars 11 Biology of major pests
2.11 Remote sensing 11
4. Colorado potato beetle
References 12
Andrei Alyokhin, Galina Benkovskaya and
3. Economic considerations in potato
Maxim Udalov
production
4.1 Taxonomyand morphological
Gina A. Greenway and Joseph F. Guenthner description 29
3.1 Introduction 15 4.2 Origins and historyof spread 31
v
vi Contents
4.3 Genetic variability 32 6.4 Final remarks 90
4.4 Pest status and yield loss 33 References 90
4.5 Seasonal life cycle and diapause 33
4.6 Interactions with host plants 35 7. Wireworms as pests of potato
4.7 Reproduction and individual
development 35 Bob Vernon and Wim van Herk
4.8 Movement and dispersal 37 7.1 Introduction 103
4.9 Management implications 37 7.2 Elaterid biology 104
References 38 7.2.1 Wireworm diversity 104
7.2.2 Identification 106
5. Aphids 7.3 Species of economic importance in the
holarctic 108
Andrei Alyokhin, Erik J. Wenninger and
7.3.1 Pacific Northwest, Montana,
Andy Jensen
California 108
5.1 Basic biology 45 7.3.2 Midwestern USA 108
5.1.1 Taxonomy 45 7.3.3 Mid-Atlantic, Central Eastern
5.1.2 Morphology 45 USA 109
5.1.3 Life cycles 46 7.3.4 Southeastern USA 109
5.1.4 Diversity of aphids affecting 7.3.5 Northeastern USA 110
potato 49 7.3.6 Canada, Alaska 110
5.1.5 Population growth and 7.3.7 Russia and Eastern Europe 111
regulation 49 7.3.8 Western and Central Europe 111
5.1.6 Movement and dispersal 51 7.3.9 Asia 112
5.2 Interactions with host plants 51 7.4 Differences within economic species 112
5.2.1 Host finding, recognition, and 7.4.1 Mating, oviposition, and larval
acceptance 51 development 112
5.2.2 Phloem feeding 53 7.4.2 Larval activity 113
5.2.3 Overcoming plant defenses 53 7.4.3 Preferences in soil type and soil
5.2.4 Social facilitation 54 moisture content 114
5.3 Virus transmission 54 7.4.4 Feeding preferences 114
5.4 Management approaches 56 7.5 Wireworms and the potato crop 114
5.4.1 Monitoring aphid populations 56 7.6 Sampling 117
5.4.2 Aphid control versus virus 7.6.1 Wireworm sampling and risk
control 57 assessment 117
5.4.3 Manipulation of crop borders 59 7.6.2 Click beetle sampling 121
5.4.4 Mineral oils 59 7.7 Wireworm control 125
5.5 Summary and future directions 60 7.7.1 Cultural methods 126
References 60 7.7.2 Chemical methods 128
7.7.3 Biological controls 133
6. Psyllids
7.7.4 Semiochemical controls 135
7.8 Conclusions 136
Erik J. Wenninger and Arash Rashed References 138
6.1 Introduction 69
6.2 Potato psyllid (Bactericera cockerelli) 69 8. Potato tuberworm
6.2.1 Identification 69
Silvia I. Rondon and Yulin Gao
6.2.2 Geographic distribution 71
6.2.3 Biologyand ecology 71 8.1 Taxonomyof P. operculella and other
6.2.4 Damage 74 “tuberworms” 149
6.2.5 Management 82 8.2 Phthorimaea operculella distribution
6.3 Other psyllids 87 around the world 150
6.3.1 Bactericera nigricornis 87 8.2.1 America 150
6.3.2 Russelliana solanicola 88 8.2.2 Asia and Australasia 150
6.3.3 Acizzia spp. 89 8.2.3 Europe 151
Contents vii
8.3 Host range 151 10. Potato ladybirds
8.4 Life cycle 151
Andrei Alyokhin and Yulin Gao
8.4.1 Adults 151
8.4.2 Eggs 152 10.1 Underappreciated defoliator 189
8.4.3 Larvae 152 10.2 Morphology 189
8.4.4 Pupae 152 10.3 Geographic distribution, host range,
8.5 Life table 153 and taxonomy 191
8.6 Damage in the field 153 10.4 Damage 192
8.7 Damage from field to storage 154 10.5 Biology 192
8.8 Developmental thresholds and
10.5.1 Life cycle 192
temperatures 154 10.5.2 Interactions with host plants 193
8.9 Monitoring Phthorimaea operculella 155 10.5.3 Abiotic effects 194
8.9.1 Pheromones 155 10.5.4 Natural enemies 194
8.9.2 Trapping 156 10.6 Management 195
8.10 Integrated pest management of
10.6.1 Chemical control 195
P. operculella 156 10.6.2 Biological control 195
8.10.1 Cultural control 156 10.6.3 Host plant resistance 195
8.10.2 Biological control 157 10.6.4 Other methods 196
8.10.3 Chemical control 158 10.7 Conclusions and future directions 196
8.10.4 Control in storage 159 References 196
8.10.5 Plant resistance 159
8.11 Conclusions 159
Acknowledgments 160 Part III
References 160
Management approaches
9. Hemipterans, other than aphids and
11. Chemical control
psyllids affecting potatoes worldwide
Thomas P. Kuhar, Christopher Philips,
Tiziana Oppedisano, Govinda Shrestha and
Anna Wallingford, John D.Aigner and
Silvia I. Rondon
Adam Wimer
9.1 Introduction 167
9.2 Leafhoppers 167 11.1 Introduction 201
11.2 Early historyof chemical control in
9.2.1 Empoasca fabae (potato
potatoes 201
leafhopper) 168
11.3 The pesticide treadmill 201
9.2.2 Empoasca decipiens (green
11.3.1 Chlorinated hydrocarbons 202
leafhopper) 170
11.3.2 Organophosphates and
9.2.3 Circulifer tenellus (beet
carbamates 202
leafhopper) 171
11.3.3 Pyrethroids 202
9.2.4 Macrosteles quadrilineatus (aster
11.3.4 Neonicotinoids 204
leafhopper) 173
11.4 A plethora of chemical control op-
9.3 Planthoppers 175
tions still available in the 21st century 206
9.3.1 Hyalesthes obsoletus 176
11.4.1 Diamides 206
9.3.2 Reptalus panzeri and R.
11.4.2 Cryolite 206
quinquecostatus 176
9.4 True bugs 177 11.4.3 Avermectins 206
11.4.4 Novaluron 207
9.4.1 Lygaeidae (seed bugs) 177
11.4.5 Cyromazine 207
9.4.2 Pentatomidae (stinkbugs) 177
11.4.6 Indoxacarb 207
9.4.3 Miridae (plant bugs) 178
11.4.7 Metaflumizone 207
9.4.4 Lygus hesperus and L. elisus 178
9.5 Conclusion 181 11.4.8 Tolfenpyrad 207
Acknowledgments 181 11.4.9 Spinosyns 207
References 181
viii Contents
11.5 Insecticide options for organic 13.2 Natural enemies of major potato
potatoes 208 pests 231
11.5.1 Pyrethrins 208 13.2.1 Colorado potato beetle
11.5.2 Azadirachtin 208 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) 231
11.5.3 Bacillus thuringiensis 13.2.2 Potato tuber moths (tuber-
subspecies tenebrionis (Bt) 208 worms) (Lepidoptera:
11.6 Chemical control of hemipteran pests 209 Gelechiidae) 237
11.6.1 Pymetrozine 210 13.2.3 Hadda beetle and potato
11.6.2 Flonicamid 210 lady beetle: Epilachna spp. 244
11.6.3 Spirotetramat 210 13.2.4 Andean potato weevil 245
11.7 Chemical control of wireworms 210 13.2.5 Wireworms (Elateridae) 248
11.8 Chemical control of potato 13.2.6 Potato psyllid 250
tuberworm 211 13.2.7 Aphids (Hemiptera:
11.9 Final thoughts 212 Aphididae) 253
References 212 13.3 Biological and behavioral control
deployments 254
12. Insecticidal RNA interference (RNAi)
13.3.1 Conservation biocontrol 254
for control of potato pests
13.3.2 Augmentative and inundative
biocontrol 254
Swati Mishra and Juan Luis Jurat-Fuentes
13.3.3 Introduction biocontrol 255
12.1 Introduction 219 13.3.4 Biological and behavioral
12.2 Parameters affecting insecticidal control: interactions with
activityof dsRNA 220 other management methods 255
12.3 Deliveryof dsRNA to potato pests 221 13.3.5 Interaction with chemical
12.4 Safetyof insecticidal dsRNA 222 control (insecticides,
12.5 Use of dsRNA against potato pests 222 fungicides) 255
12.5.1 Potato psyllid (Bactericera 13.3.6 Interaction with cultural
cockerelli) 222 controls (cultivar, tillage,
12.5.2 The 28-spotted potato rotation) 256
ladybird (Henosepilachna 13.3.7 Interaction with crop resist-
vigintioctopunctata) 223 ance (cultivar, transgenes) 256
12.5.3 Colorado potato beetle 13.3.8 Interactions between micro-
(Leptinotarsa decemlineata) 224 bial and arthropod biological
12.5.4 Myzus persicae (green controls 256
peach aphid) 224 13.4 Endophytic fungi 256
13.5 Pheromones for monitoring and
12.5.5 Potato tuber moth
(Phthorimaea operculella) 224 population management 257
12.6 Resistance to dsRNA and 13.6 Interactions of biological and
management in potato 225 behavioral control 257
12.7 Conclusions and future prospects 225 13.7 Current and future research needs 257
Acknowledgments 226 13.8 Conclusion 258
References 226 Acknowledgments 258
References 258
13. Biological and behavioral control of
14. Potato resistance against insect
potato insect pests
herbivores
Donald C. Weber, Michael B. Blackburn and
Stefan T. Jaronski Helen H. Tai and Jess Vickruck
13.1 Introduction 231 14.1 Introduction 277
Contents ix
14.2 Natural variation in potato insect Part IV
resistance 278 Problems and solutions in major
14.2.1 Glycoalkaloids 278
potato-producing areas of
14.2.2 Trichomes 279
the world
14.2.3 Other defenses 280
14.2.4 Potato tolerance to insect
16. Latin America potato production:
pests 280
14.3 Engineered resistance 281 pests and foes
14.3.1 Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
Silvia I. Rondon, Carmen Castillo Carrillo,
endotoxins 281
Hugo X. Cuesta, Patricia D. Navarro and
14.3.2 Protease inhibitors 282
Ivette Acun˜a
14.3.3 Avidins 284
14.3.4 Lectins 284 16.1 Historyof potato production in Latin
14.3.5 RNA interference (RNAi) America 317
gene silencing in insects 285 16.2 Unintentional and intentional
14.3.6 Plant gene silencing 286 breeding efforts 317
14.4 Constraints on host plant 16.3 Potato’s contribution to the national
resistance 286 economies 318
14.5 Future directions 287 16.4 Potato issues in Latin
References 287 America 319
16.5 Integrated pest management
15. Cultural control and other
approach to control pest problems in
non-chemical methods potatoes: common issues across
Beata Gabry(cid:1)sand Boz_ena Kordan diverse regions 319
16.6 Main pests affecting potato
15.1 Introduction 297 production in Latin America 319
15.2 Management of abiotic 16.6.1 Order Hemiptera 319
conditions 297 16.6.2 Order Lepidoptera 324
15.2.1 Site selection, planting and 16.6.3 Order Diptera 325
harvest time 298 16.6.4 Order Coleoptera 326
15.2.2 Soil tillage 299 16.6.5 Order Thysanoptera 328
15.2.3 Soil moisture 300 16.7 Natural enemies 328
15.2.4 Mulches 301 References 328
15.2.5 Fertilizers and other soil
17. The United States of America and
amendments 303
Canada
15.2.6 Physical control methods 303
15.3 Management of biotic conditions 304
Andrei Alyokhin
15.3.1 Intercropping 305
15.3.2 Trap crops and barrier crops 306 17.1 Introduction 331
15.4 Examples of habitat 17.2 Potato farming in overall
management 307 economy 331
15.4.1 Push-pull and trap crop 17.3 Local agroclimatic conditions 332
strategies 307 17.4 Main producers and market
15.4.2 Cover-crop residues 308 conditions 332
15.4.3 Antifeedants 308 17.5 Main insect pests 333
15.5 Concluding remarks 309 17.6 Methods of pest control 335
References 309 17.7 Problems and perspectives 336
Further readings 314 References 336