Insect Pest Management: Field and Protected Crops

359 Pages·2004·7.11 MB·English

by  A. R. Horowitz, I. Ishaaya (auth.), Professor Dr. A. Rami Horowitz, Professor Dr. Isaac Ishaaya (eds.)

A. Rami Horowitz· Isaac Ishaaya (Eds.)
Insect Pest Management
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
A. Rami Horowitz· Isaac Ishaaya (Eds.)
Insect Pest
Management
Field and Protected Crops
With 35 Figures, 2 in Color, and 15 Tables
Springer
Professor Dr. A. RAMI HOROWITZ
Department of Entomology
Agricultura! Research Organization
Gilat Research Center
M. P. Negev, 85280
Israel
Professor Dr. ISAAC ISHAAYA
Department of Entomology
Agricultura! Research Organization
The Volcani Center
Bet Dagan 50250
Israel
ISBN 978-3-642-05859-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Insect pest management: field and protected crops I A. Rami Horowitz, Isaac Ishaaya (eds.).
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-3-642-05859-2 ISBN 978-3-662-07913-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-07913-3
1. Insect pests - Integrated control. 1. Horowitz, A. Rami, 1942- II. Ishaaya, 1.
SB931.143 2004
632.7 - dc22
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Preface
In the middle of the twentieth century, new insecticides were being con-
stantly developed and it seemed that pesticides would be able to control
insect pests indefinitely. In fact, from the 1950s to the 1980s, pest control was
mostly based on conventional insecticides such as organochlorines, organo-
phosphates, carbamates and pyrethroids. However, the severe adverse effects
of pesticides on the environment, the resistance problems reaching crisis pro-
portions and public protests led to stricter regulations and legislation aimed
at reducing the use of pesticides. Consequently, other ways to manage insects
have been suggested, such as the use of biorational pesticides with minimal
adverse effects on the environment, biological control, host-plant resistance
to pests, mating disruption with pheromones, and cultural and physical con-
trol. The ideas behind "integrated control" were published at the end of the
1950s by groups of entomologists from California, and served as a basis for
initiating integrated pest management (IPM) in the 1970s. Since the 1980s,
insecticide resistant management (IRM) programs have been introduced as a
result of increasing problems of resistance to pesticides. IPM programs were
strengthened as the awareness of environmental fragility intensified. Since
the late 1990s, advanced approaches to manage insect pests have been devel-
oped. One of the novel and exciting innovations in the study of plant resis-
tance to pests has been the introduction of genetically engineered or trans-
genic plants. This technology is still in its initial phase; perhaps, after
improvement, standardization, and overcoming some obstacles, transgenic
crops that are resistant to pests will be widespread and serve as important
components in pest management in the twenty-first century. This volume has
been written to address the demand for safer, environmentally friendly
approaches to pest management, and new strategies to reduce resistance
problems.
The authors of the various chapters have a wealth of experience and are
considered world leaders specializing in various aspects of control programs.
The book consists of chapters relating to general topics in pest management,
i.e., the efficacy and selectivity of new biorational insecticides such as insect
growth regulators (IGRs), avermectins, and the neonicotinoid insecticides,
and the ecology of insect pests and relevance to pest management along with
new insights into cultural and physical control in greenhouses and field
crops. Other chapters deal with transgenic crops, their usefulness and the
problems which have emerged during their implementation. Advances in pest
VI Preface
management of important crops such as cotton - in developed and less devel-
oped countries - corn, oilseed rape and various vegetables are dealt with in
detail.
This volume is intended to serve as a text for researchers, university pro-
fessors, graduate students and knowledgeable growers, who are involved in
pest management, IPM and IRM programs. The data presented are essential
for the establishment of new technologies for insect pest management that
would have an impact on our future agriculture systems.
During the preparation of the manuscript, the editors and authors were
indebted to the reviewers of the various chapters for valuable suggestions and
criticism: D.V. Alford (UK), G. Boiteau (Canada), H.S. Costa (USA), G. Devine
(UK), J.C. Franco (Portugal), D.D. Hardee (USA), G. Fitt (Australia), R.E. Fos-
ter (USA), B.R. Leonard (USA), H. Oberlander (USA), D.W. Onstad (USA), N.
Papadopoulos (USA), C. Payne (UK), T.M. Shelton (USA), B. Ulber (Ger-
many), C. Vincent (Canada), P.G. Weintraub (Israel).
A. Rami Horowitz, Isaac Ishaaya
- - - - - -
Contents
Biorational Insecticides - Mechanisms, Selectivity and Importance
in Pest Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
A.R. HOROWITZ, 1. ISHAAYA
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Neonicotinoids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1 Selectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3 Insect Growth Regulators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1 Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . .. 5
3.2 Ecdysone Agonists and Juvenile Hormone Mimics ............ 7
3.3 Selectivity of the Insect Growth Regulators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4 Insecticides Derived from Soil Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1 Avermectins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.1.1 Emamectin Benzoate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11
4.1.2 Selectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.2 Spinosyns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12
4.2.1 Selectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 13
4.3 Pyrrole Insecticides (Chlorfenapyr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14
4.3.1 Selectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 14
5 Other Novel Groups of Insecticides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
5.1 Phenylpyrazoles (Fipronil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
5.1.1 Selectivity to Natural Enemies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16
5.2 Pyridine Insecticides (Pymetrozine). . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17
5.2.1 Selectivity ............................................... 17
5.3 Oxadiazines (Indoxacarb). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
5.3.1 Selectivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
6 Organic Insecticides and Bioinsecticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
7 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
VIII Contents
New Applications for Neonicotinoid Insecticides Using
Imidacloprid as an Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29
A.ELBER~R.NAUEN
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29
2 Mealybug Control on Table and Vine Grapes
in the United States and in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30
3 The Efficacy of Imidadoprid for the Reduction of Insect-
Vectored Virus Diseases of Tobacco in USA, Mexico, Brazil,
Guatemala, Italy and Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 33
4 New Strategies for Controlling the Citrus Leaf Miner
in Spain and Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38
5 Confidor - Safe Use for Beneficial Insects and Pollinators
in European Pome Fruit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40
6 Soil Liquid Application Methods of Imidadoprid
on Coffee in Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 43
The Spatial Dimension in the Ecology of Insect Pests
and Its Relevance to Pest Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 45
D. NESTEL, J. CARVALHO, E. NEMNy-LAVY
1 Spatial Patterns of Insect Pests in Agricultural Systems . . . . . .. 45
1.1 Statistical Tools and Measurement of the Phenomena. . . . . . . . .. 46
1.2 Environmental Determinants of Spatial Patterns in Insects . . . .. 48
2 Information Derived from Spatial Patterns
and Its Application in Pest Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50
2.1 Topographic Incubators and Population Modeling. . .... . ...... 50
2.2 Spatial Patterns of Insect Immigration into Agricultural
Systems and Integrated Pest Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 52
2.3 Spatial Forecasting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 53
3 Into the Twenty-First Century. . ..... . ..... . . ..... ..... . .... 55
3.1 Geographic Information System, Geographic Positioning
System, Satellite Imagery and Pest Management . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 55
Contents IX
3.2 Spatio-Temporal Management in Regional
and Area-Wide Pest Control. . . . .... . . .... . . .... . .... . ..... 59
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 60
Resistance Management for Sustainable Use of Bacillus
thuringiensis Crops in Integrated Pest Management. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65
Y. CARRIERE, M.S. SISTERSON, B.E. TABASHNIK
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65
1.1 Bacillus thuringiensis Crops and Integrated Pest Management.. 66
2 The Basic Resistance Management Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 68
3 Metapopulation Dynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 71
4 Source and Sink Effects in the Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 73
5 Management of Refuges and Bacillus thuringiensis Crops. . . . .. 76
6 Seed Mixtures Versus External Refuges Revisited. . . . . . . . . . . .. 78
7 Bacillus thuringiensis Crops and Natural Enemies. . . . . . . . . . .. 82
7.1 Effects of Bacillus thuringiensis Crops on Abundance
and Diversity of Natural Enemies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 82
7.2 Effects of Natural Enemies on Pest Resistance
to Bacillus thuringiensis crops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 83
8 Fitness Costs, Incomplete Resistance, and Resistance
Evolution.... . . . ... . . . .... . . ... . . . ... . . .... . . ... . . .... . .. 85
8.1 Physiology and Genetics of Resistance
to Bacillus thuringiensis Crops ............................. 87
9 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 89
Implementing Integrated Pest Management in Australian Cotton.. 97
L.J. WILSON, R.K. MENSAH, G.P. FITT
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 97
2 Developing the Integrated Pest Management Framework .... .. 99
x Contents
3 Integrated Pest Management Strategies
Through the Growing Season . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 102
3.1 Use of Spring Chickpea Trap Crops to Capture Eggs
from H. armigera Moths That Emerge from Over-Wintering
Diapause ................................................ 102
3.2 Use of Spring Lucerne Trap Crops to Capture Creontiades
dilutus (Green Mirid) Adults and Avoid Infestation in Cotton ... 102
3.3 Planting the Cotton Crop at the Optimal Time, Which
for Most Australian Regions Is Early-Mid-October ............ 103
3.4 Regular Crop Checking for Pests, Plant Damage
and Beneficial Insects ..................................... 103
3.5 Integration of Predators into Decisions Using
a Predator/Pest Ratio ...................................... 104
3.6 Use of Beneficial Nurseries and Attractant Food Sprays
to Enhance Predator Numbers .............................. 104
3.7 Use of Combined Pest and Damage Thresholds ............... 104
3.B Strategic Use of Plant Growth Regulators .................... 105
3.9 Optimal Water Management to Avoid Extended Late
Season Growth ........................................... 105
3.10 Preferential Use of Selective Insecticides ..................... 105
3.11 'Site-Specific' Pest Management ............................. 106
3.12 Use of Genetically Engineered Ingard Cottons Expressing
the Delta-Endotoxin Genes from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.
kurstaki (Bt) ............................................. 106
3.13 An Effective Resistance Management Strategy ................ 106
4. Integrated Pest Management Strategies Through the Winter . .. 107
4.1 Destruction of Diapausing Pupae of H. armigera that Are a
Potential Reservoir of Resistance Genes ...................... 107
4.2 Selection of Rotation Crops to Reduce Pest Carry-Over. . . . . . .. lOB
4.3 Management of Weeds and Cotton Regrowth That Are
Over-Winter Pest Hosts .................................... lOB
4.4 Optimisation of Fertilizer Strategies to Avoid Excessive
Plant Growth ............................................ lOB
4.5 Matching of Cotton Variety to Region and Pest Complex ....... 109
4.6 Development of a Spray Drift Management Plan .............. 109
4.7 Seed Bed Preparation ..................................... 109
4.B Selection of Appropriate Seed Insecticide Treatments .......... 109
5 Extension and Implementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 11 0
6 Has This Approach Been Effective? ......................... 113
7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 115
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 116