Insect ecology PDF
Preview Insect ecology
Comp.by:Vpugazhenthi Stage:Proof ChapterNo.:FMTitleName:Price_et_al PageNumber:0 Date:24/2/11 Time:19:01:06 Insect Ecology Behavior, Populations and Communities Combiningbreadthofcoveragewithdetail,thislogicalandcohesiveintroductionto insectecologycouplesconceptswithabroadrangeofexamplesandpractical applications.Itexplorescutting-edgetopicsinthefield,drawingonandhighlighting thelinksbetweentheoryandthelatestempiricalstudies. Thesectionsarestructuredaroundaseriesofkeytopics,includingbehavioral ecology,speciesinteractions,populationecology,foodwebs,communitiesand ecosystems,andbroadpatternsinnature.Chaptersprogresslogicallyfromthesmall scaletothelarge;fromindividualspeciesthroughtospeciesinteractions,populations andcommunities. Applicationsectionsattheendofeachchapteroutlinethepracticalityof ecologicalconceptsandshowhowecologicalinformationandconceptscanbeuseful inagriculture,horticultureandforestry.Eachchapterendswithasummary, providingabriefrecap,followedbyasetofquestionsanddiscussiontopicsdesigned toencourageindependentandcreativethinking. PeterW.PriceisRegents’ProfessorEmeritusintheDepartmentofBiologicalSciences atNorthernArizonaUniversity,Flagstaff. RobertF.Denno(1945–2008)wasProfessorintheEntomologyDepartment attheUniversityofMarylandformorethan20years. MickyD.EubanksisProfessorofInsectEcologyintheDepartmentofEntomology atTexasA&MUniversity. Deborahl.FinkeisAssistantProfessorofEntomologyintheDivisionofPlant SciencesattheUniversityofMissouri. IanKaplanisAssistantProfessorintheDepartmentofEntomologyatPurdue University,Indiana. Comp.by:Vpugazhenthi Stage:Proof ChapterNo.:FMTitleName:Price_et_al PageNumber:0 Date:24/2/11 Time:19:01:06 Comp.by:Vpugazhenthi Stage:Proof ChapterNo.:FMTitleName:Price_et_al PageNumber:0 Date:24/2/11 Time:19:01:06 Insect Ecology Behavior, Populations and Communities PETER W. PRICE NorthernArizonaUniversity,Flagstaff,Arizona ROBERT F. DENNO FormerlyofUniversityofMaryland,CollegePark,Maryland MICKY D. EUBANKS TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,Texas DEBORAH L. FINKE UniversityofMissouri,Columbia,Missouri IAN KAPLAN PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,Indiana Comp.by:Vpugazhenthi Stage:Proof ChapterNo.:FMTitleName:Price_et_al PageNumber:0 Date:24/2/11 Time:19:01:07 CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaby CambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521834889 #P.W.Price,R.F.Denno,M.D.Eubanks,D.L.FinkeandI.Kaplan2011 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2011 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Price,PeterW.,1938-,author. InsectEcology:Behavior,PopulationsandCommunities/PeterW.Price, RobertF.Denno,MickyD.Eubanks,DeborahL.Finke,IanKaplan. p. cm ISBN978-0-521-83488-9(Hardback)–ISBN978-0-521-54260-9(Paperback) 1. Insects–Ecology. I. Title. QL496.4.P762011 595.717–dc22 2010045605 ISBN978-0-521-83488-9Hardback ISBN978-0-521-54260-9Paperback Additionalresourcesforthispublicationatwww.cambridge.org/9780521834889 CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Comp.by:Vpugazhenthi Stage:Proof ChapterNo.:FMTitleName:Price_et_al PageNumber:0 Date:24/2/11 Time:19:01:08 CONTENTS Acknowledgments pageviii 3.2 Levelsofsociality:theothersocial insects 73 PartI Introduction 1 3.3 Eusociality:thesuperorganisms 75 3.4 Evolutionofsociality:Darwin’s 1 The scopeof insectecology 3 dilemma 82 1.1 Fascinationwithinsects 4 3.5 Theecologicalconsequencesof 1.2 Antiquityofinsects 4 sociality 87 1.3 Insectdesign 4 Applications:socialinsectsassaviorsandpests 91 1.4 Richnessoftheinsectfauna 8 Summary 94 1.5 Richnessofrelationships 9 Questionsanddiscussiontopics 95 1.6 Adaptiveradiation 14 Furtherreading 95 1.7 Ecosystemprocesses 17 1.8 Ecologicalquestionsandanswers 19 PartIII Species interactions 97 Applications:contributionstomanydisciplines 20 Summary 22 4 Plant and herbivore interactions 99 Questionsanddiscussiontopics 23 4.1 Taxonomicoccurrenceof phytophagy 100 Furtherreading 23 4.2 Dietbreadth,feedingstrategiesandherbivore guilds 100 PartII Behavioral ecology 25 4.3 Plantbarrierstoherbivoreattack 105 2 Behavior, mating systems and sexual 4.4 Plantdefensehypotheses 142 selection 27 4.5 Thereciprocaleffectsofplant–insect 2.1 Thereproductiveimperative 28 interactionsondistributionand 2.2 Thelife-cycleapproach 28 abundance 150 2.3 Theexperimentalnecessity 28 4.6 Theevolutionaryecologyofplant–insect 2.4 Survival 29 interactions 159 2.5 Foragingbehavior 34 Applications:plant–insectinteractiontheory 2.6 Aplacetolive 37 inpestmanagement 178 2.7 Communication 42 Summary 181 2.8 Reproductivebehavior 47 Questionsanddiscussiontopics 183 Applications:behavioralapproachestopest Furtherreading 183 regulation 65 Summary 69 5 Lateralinteractions: competition, amensalism Questionsanddiscussiontopics 70 andfacilitation 184 Furtherreading 71 5.1 Competitionandresourcelimitation 185 5.2 Paradigmsofcompetitiontheory:evidence 3 Social insects: the evolution and ecological forandagainst 196 consequences of sociality 72 5.3 Changingperspectivesoncompetitionbetween 3.1 Whataresocialinsects? 73 insectherbivores 207 Comp.by:Vpugazhenthi Stage:Proof ChapterNo.:FMTitleName:Price_et_al PageNumber:0 Date:24/2/11 Time:19:01:10 vi Contents 5.4 Competitioninomnivores,detritivores,predators Questionsanddiscussiontopics 302 andparasitoids 209 Furtherreading 303 5.5 Comparativeoverviewofcompetitive interactions 214 8 Host and parasiteinteractions 304 5.6 Facilitation 216 8.1 Theparasiteandparasitism 305 5.7 Callforbroadertheory 219 8.2 Kindsofparasites 306 Applications:humansandinsectsascompetitors 220 8.3 Thenumberofparasiticinsect Summary 222 species 306 Questionsanddiscussiontopics 223 8.4 Smallbodysize 308 Furtherreading 223 8.5 Adaptiveradiationofparasites 311 8.6 Life-historyconvergence 315 6 Mutualisms 224 8.7 Convergenceamongparasitoids 317 6.1 Mutualismasacreativeevolutionary 8.8 Phylogenetictrackingofhostlineages 321 force 225 8.9 Geographicmosaicsofvariationandpatch 6.2 Thevarietyofmutualisticinteractions 225 dynamics 326 6.3 Mutualismandtheevolutionof 8.10 Damagetothehost 329 biodiversity 229 8.11 Hostdefensesagainstparasites 332 6.4 Theoriginofmutualisms 234 8.12 Hostbehavioralmodificationbyparasites 335 6.5 Thegiveandtakeinmutualism 235 8.13 Modelinghostandparasite 6.6 Cheating 245 interactions 336 6.7 Adaptiveradiationinmutualistic Applications:harmfulandbeneficialparasites 340 systems 248 Summary 346 6.8 Modelingmutualism 255 Questionsanddiscussiontopics 347 6.9 Complexityofinteractions 258 Furtherreading 348 6.10 Anhistoricalnote 260 Applications:beneficialinteractionsarecrucialin PartIV Population ecology 349 agriculture 261 Summary 266 9 Demography,population growth and life Questionsanddiscussiontopics 267 tables 351 Furtherreading 267 9.1 Principlesofpopulationgrowth 352 9.2 Feedbackloops,densitydependenceand 7 Prey and predator interactions 268 populationregulation 354 7.1 Whatisapredator? 269 9.3 Lifetables 357 7.2 Thegeneralizedfeedinghabitofpredators 269 9.4 Comparisonoflifetables 361 7.3 Predatoreffectsonpreyabundance 270 9.5 Survivorshipcurves 366 7.4 Predatorresponsestochangesinprey Applications:approachingaproblemandplanning 369 density 270 Summary 371 7.5 Prey–predatordynamics 276 Questionsanddiscussiontopics 372 7.6 Predationincomplexfoodwebs 286 Furtherreading 372 7.7 Non-consumptivepredatorimpactsonprey 292 7.8 Evolutionaryresponseofpreytopredation 294 10 Life histories 373 Applications:biologicalcontrol 297 10.1 Scopeofstudies 374 Summary 301 10.2 Evolutionarystrategiesandtactics 374 Comp.by:Vpugazhenthi Stage:Proof ChapterNo.:FMTitleName:Price_et_al PageNumber:0 Date:24/2/11 Time:19:01:11 Contents vii 10.3 Comparativelife-historystudies 374 13.2 Planttraitsthataffectenemy–prey 10.4 Adaptations,constraints,trade-offs, interactions 491 resourceallocation,alternativestrategies,and 13.3 Trophiccascades 514 costsandbenefits 385 Applications:choosingplantstoencouragetrophic 10.5 Hypothesesonfecundityvariation 387 cascades 527 10.6 Timingofreproduction 389 Summary 531 10.7 Stabilizingselectiononlifehistories 394 Questionsanddiscussiontopics 532 10.8 Lifespanofadultinsects 397 Furtherreading 533 Applications:understandingpestspecies 400 Summary 402 PartVI Broad patterns in nature 535 Questionsanddiscussiontopics 403 14 Biological diversity 537 Furtherreading 403 14.1 Scalesofdiversity 538 14.2 Samplingspeciesdensity 538 11 Population dynamics 404 14.3 Importanceofpatterndetection 541 11.1 Populationpatterns 405 14.4 Gradientsofislandsizeand 11.2 Themechanisticunderstandingofwhy remoteness 541 populationdensitychangeoccurs 415 14.5 Latitudinalgradients 549 11.3 Complexinteractions 426 14.6 Altitudinalgradients 563 11.4 Anevolutionaryhypothesis 431 14.7 Timegradients 567 11.5 Metapopulationdynamics 432 14.8 Disturbancegradients 573 Applications:planningandmanagement 435 Applications:conservingspeciesrichness 576 Summary 437 Summary 580 Questionsanddiscussiontopics 438 Questionsanddiscussiontopics 582 Furtherreading 439 Furtherreading 582 PartV Food webs and communities 441 15 Planet Earth: patterns and processes 583 12 Community structure 443 15.1 Thepaleobiologicalrecord 584 12.1 Thecommunity 444 15.2 Climatechange 590 12.2 Theecologicalnichesofspecies 447 15.3 Ecosystemdynamics 600 12.3 Communitydevelopment 454 15.4 Invasions 603 12.4 Communityorganizationand 15.5 Conservationecology 609 structure 464 Applications:threatsandcosts 612 12.5 Communitygenetics 471 Summary 615 12.6 Timeandspace 475 Questionsanddiscussiontopics 616 12.7 Compoundcommunities 477 Furtherreading 616 Applications:insectsinenvironmentalassessment 482 Summary 486 Questionsanddiscussiontopics 487 Glossary 617 Furtherreading 487 References 639 Taxonomicindex 764 13 Multitrophic interactions 489 Authorindex 00 13.1 Thetrophiclevelconcept 490 Subjectindex 00 Comp.by:Vpugazhenthi Stage:Proof ChapterNo.:FMTitleName:Price_et_al PageNumber:0 Date:24/2/11 Time:19:01:11 Comp.by:Vpugazhenthi Stage:Proof ChapterNo.:FMTitleName:Price_et_al PageNumber:0 Date:24/2/11 Time:19:01:12 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The pleasuresand challenges of writing this book have contributed to a rewardingexperience which we share with many collaborators. They do not necessarilyendorsewhatiswritten,butwethankthemwholeheartedlyforthe many reviews of chapters, and contributions of relevant papers: Anurag Agrawal, Joseph Bailey, Randy Bangert, Judith Bronstein, Timothy Craig, Sanford Eigenbrode, DanielGruner, DanielHerms, David Margolies, Nicholas Mills, Yong-LakPark, Robert Peterson, Jay Rosenheim, John Schneider, Jennifer Schweitzer,Stephen Shuster,Sherilyn Smith,John Spence, Courtney Tobler, Gina Wimp and several anonymous reviewers. Their time, effort and expertisedevotedtoimprovingthebookaregreatlyappreciated.Also,Barbara Denno and Courtney Toblerprovided invaluable help with figures. Photographs were graciously provided by Thomasand MariaEisner, David Dussourd, Gyo¨rgy Cso´ka and Michael Loeb. These and other photographs and figuresare acknowledged in the figure captions, or cited in the reference section of the book. At Cambridge University Press several editors have contributed tothis book over the years, most notably DominicLewis, Commissioning Editor for Life Sciences, and Sophie Bulbrook, the Textbook Development Editor. We are grateful fortheir involvementin this project. Robert Denno was not able to complete this book with us, but he exerted strong impact on its contents, and with the chapters he wrote. We cherish his memory, his friendship, his scholarship and his jovial attitude to life. Bob’s passion for insect ecology inspired a new generation of scientists who were fortunate enough to experience the zeal with which he approached his classroomlectures,andthedevotionwithwhichheshoweredhisstudentsand post-docs. We (M.D.E., D.L.F. and I.K.) are just a few of the many graduate students who had the privilege of learning the science of insect ecology and theartoflifefromBob.Wearehonored withtheopportunitytoextendBob’s legacybytakingpartinthisproject,andwehopetoreflecthisperspectiveand spirit in our contributions to the work. P.W.P. M.D.E. D.L.F. I.K. Comp.by:Vpugazhenthi Stage:Proof ChapterNo.:FMTitleName:Price_et_al PageNumber:0 Date:24/2/11 Time:19:01:12
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