Insect Biodiversity: Science and Society, Volume 1

882 Pages·2017·18.275 MB·English

by  Robert G. Foottit, Peter H. Adler

Insect Biodiversity
Insect Biodiversity
Science and Society
Second Edition
Volume I
Edited by
Robert G. Foottit
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Ottawa
Ontario
Canada
Peter H. Adler
Clemson University
Clemson
South Carolina
USA
This edition first published 2017 © 2017 John Wiley & Sons
First edition published 2009 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for.
ISBN: 9781118945537
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: A sampling of beetle diversity in the Palearctic Region.
Images by Kirill Makarov
Set in 10/12pt, WarnockPro by SPi Global, Chennai, India
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Brief Table of Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 The Importance of Insects 9
Part I Insect Biodiversity: Regional Examples 45
3 Insect Biodiversity in the Nearctic Region 47
4 Amazonian Rainforests and Their Richness and Abundance of Terrestrial Arthropods
on the Edge of Extinction: Abiotic–Biotic Players in the Critical Zone 65
5 Insect Biodiversity in the Afrotropical Region 93
6 Biodiversity of Australasian Insects 111
7 Insect Biodiversity in the Palearctic Region 141
Part II Insect Biodiversity: Taxon Examples 203
8 Biodiversity of Aquatic Insects 205
9 Biodiversity of Diptera 229
10 Biodiversity of Heteroptera 279
11 Biodiversity of Coleoptera 337
12 Biodiversity of Hymenoptera 419
13 Diversity and Significance of Lepidoptera: A Phylogenetic Perspective 463
Part III Insect Biodiversity: Tools and Approaches 497
14 The Science of Insect Taxonomy: Prospects and Needs 499
vi Brief Table of Contents
15 Insect Species – Concepts and Practice 527
16 Molecular Dimensions of Insect Taxonomy in the Genomics Era 547
17 DNA Barcodes and Insect Biodiversity 575
18 Insect Biodiversity Informatics 593
19 Parasitoid Biodiversity and Insect Pest Management 603
20 The Taxonomy of Crop Pests: The Aphids 627
21 A dventive (Non-Native) Insects and the Consequences for Science and Society of Species
that Become Invasive 641
22 Biodiversity of Blood-sucking Flies: Implications for Humanity 713
23 Reconciling Ethical and Scientific Issues for Insect Conservation 747
24 Taxonomy and Management of Insect Biodiversity 767
25 Insect Biodiversity – Millions and Millions 783
vii
Detailed Table of Contents
List of Contributors xix
Foreword, Second Edition xxiii
Preface, First Edition xxvii
Preface, Second Edition xxix
Acknowledgements xxxi
1 Introduction 1
Peter H. Adler and Robert G. Foottit
References 5
2 The Importance of Insects 9
Geoffrey G. E. Scudder
2.1 Diversity 9
2.2 Ecological Role 10
2.3 Effects on Natural Resources, Agriculture, and Human Health 13
2.4 Insects and Advances in Science 14
2.4.1 Biomechanics 15
2.4.2 Genetics 16
2.4.3 Developmental Biology 16
2.4.4 Evolution 18
2.4.5 Physiology 19
2.4.6 Ecology 20
2.4.7 Paleolimnology and Climate Change 22
2.5 Insects and the Public 23
References 25
Part I Insect Biodiversity: Regional Examples 45
3 Insect Biodiversity in the Nearctic Region 47
Hugh V. Danks and Andrew B. T. Smith
3.1 Influence of Insect Biodiversity on Society in the Nearctic Region 49
3.2 Insect Conservation 50
3.3 Species Diversity and the State of Knowledge 53
3.3.1 Assembling the Data 53
3.3.2 Synopsis of Biodiversity 54
viii Detailed Table of Contents
3.3.3 State of Knowledge 55
3.4 Variations in Biodiversity 56
3.4.1 Regional Variation 57
3.4.2 Habitats 58
3.5 Conclusions and Needs 58
Acknowledgments 60
References 60
4 Amazonian Rainforests and Their Richness and Abundance of Terrestrial Arthropods
on the Edge of Extinction: Abiotic–Biotic Players in the Critical Zone 65
Terry L. Erwin, Laura S. Zamorano and Christy J. Geraci
4.1 The Climatic Setting and Critical Zone Establishment 69
4.2 Characterization of Typical Lowland Rainforest Composition in the Western Basin 71
4.3 Sampling Arthropod Biodiversity in Amazonian Forests 73
4.4 Richness of Various Lineages and Guilds 79
4.5 General Patterns 79
4.6 Morphospecies Richness to Biodiversity 80
4.7 Beetles: Life Attributes Have Led to Contemporary Hyperdiversity 83
4.8 Summary and Guide to Future Research, or “Taking a Small Step into the Biodiversity
Vortex” 85
Acknowledgments 86
References 86
5 Insect Biodiversity in the Afrotropical Region 93
Clarke H. Scholtz and Mervyn W. Mansell
5.1 What Do We Know about Afrotropical Insects? 95
5.2 An Information-Management Program 95
5.3 The Role of Insects in Ecosystem Processes and as Indicators of Environmental
Quality – Dung Beetles as a Case Study 98
5.3.1 Dung Beetles as Indicators of Regional Biodiversity 99
5.3.2 Dung Beetles as Indicators of Habitat Transformation 100
5.4 Africa-Wide Pests and Training Appropriate Taxonomists – Fruit Flies as
a Case Study 100
5.4.1 Invasive Species of Concern in Africa 101
5.4.2 African Indigenous Fruit Flies of Economic Importance 102
5.5 Sentinel Groups 103
5.5.1 Neuroptera 103
5.5.2 Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) 104
5.6 Conclusions 105
References 107
6 Biodiversity of Australasian Insects 111
Peter S. Cranston
6.1 Australasia – The Locale 111
6.2 Some Highlights of Australasian Insect Biodiversity 112
6.2.1 The Lord Howe Island Stick Insect 114
6.2.2 Australasian Birdwing Conservation 115
Detailed Table of Contents ix
6.3 Drowning by Numbers? How Many Insect Species are in Australasia? 116
6.3.1 Australia 116
6.3.2 New Zealand (Aotearoa), Chatham Islands, and Subantarctic Islands 117
6.3.3 New Guinea 118
6.3.4 New Caledonia and the West Pacific 118
6.4 Australasian Insect Biodiversity – Overview and Special Elements 118
6.4.1 Australia 118
6.4.2 New Zealand 121
6.4.3 New Caledonia, New Guinea, and Melanesia 121
6.5 Threatening Processes to Australasian Insect Biodiversity 123
6.5.1 Land Clearance and Alteration 123
6.5.2 Introduced Animals 123
6.5.3 Climate Change 126
6.6 Australasian Biodiversity Conservation 127
6.7 Conclusion 129
References 129
7 Insect Biodiversity in the Palearctic Region 141
Boris A. Korotyaev, Alexander S. Konstantinov and Mark G. Volkovitsh
7.1 Preface: Societal Importance of Biodiversity in the Palearctic Region 141
7.2 Introduction 144
7.3 Geographic Position, Climate, and Zonality 144
7.4 General Features of Palearctic Insect Biodiversity 148
7.5 Biodiversity of Some Insect Groups in the Palearctic 153
7.6 Biodiversity of Insect Herbivores 158
7.7 Boundaries and Insect Biodiversity 162
7.8 Local Biodiversity 164
7.9 Insect Biodiversity and Habitats 166
7.10 Insect Biodiversity and the Mountains 169
7.11 Temporal Changes in Insect Biodiversity 171
7.12 Insect Diversity in Major Biogeographical Divisions of the Palearctic 172
7.12.1 Arctic (Circumpolar Tundra) Region 173
7.12.2 Forest Regions 174
7.12.3 Taiga 176
7.12.4 Nemoral European and Stenopean Forests 177
7.12.5 Hesperian and Orthrian Evergreen Forests 179
7.12.6 Steppe (Scythian) Region 180
7.12.7 Desert (Sethian) Region 183
Acknowledgments 187
References 189
Part II Insect Biodiversity: Taxon Examples 203
8 Biodiversity of Aquatic Insects 205
John C. Morse
8.1 Overview of Taxa 206
8.1.1 Mayflies (Ephemeroptera) 206
x Detailed Table of Contents
8.1.2 Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata) 207
8.1.3 Stoneflies (Plecoptera) 207
8.1.4 Cockroaches (Blattodea) 208
8.1.5 Grasshoppers and Crickets (Orthoptera) 208
8.1.6 Earwigs (Dermaptera) 208
8.1.7 Lice (Phthiraptera) 208
8.1.8 Bugs (Hemiptera) 208
8.1.9 Wasps (Hymenoptera) 209
8.1.10 Hellgrammites and Alderflies (Megaloptera) 209
8.1.11 Nerve‐winged Insects (Neuroptera) 209
8.1.12 Scorpionflies (Mecoptera) 210
8.1.13 Beetles (Coleoptera) 210
8.1.14 Caddisflies (Trichoptera) 210
8.1.15 Moths (Lepidoptera) 211
8.1.16 Flies (Diptera) 211
8.2 Species Numbers 212
8.3 Societal Benefits and Risks 214
8.3.1 Societal Benefits of Aquatic Insect Diversity in Food Webs 214
8.3.2 Societal Benefits of Aquatic Insect Diversity in Biomonitoring 215
8.3.3 Societal Benefits of Aquatic Insect Diversity in Fishing 217
8.3.4 Societal Benefits of Aquatic Insect Diversity in Control of Noxious Weeds 217
8.3.5 Societal Risks of Aquatic Insects 217
8.4 Biodiversity Concerns for Aquatic Insects 218
8.4.1 Threats to Freshwater Species of Insects 218
8.4.2 Need for Biodiversity Discovery and Description of Aquatic Insects 219
8.4.3 Need to Refine Definitions of Species of Aquatic Insects 219
8.4.4 Need for New Generation of Aquatic Entomologists 219
References 220
9 Biodiversity of Diptera 229
Gregory W. Courtney, Thomas Pape, Jeffrey H. Skevington and Bradley J. Sinclair
9.1 Overview of Taxa 239
9.1.1 Lower Diptera 239
9.1.2 Brachycera 241
9.1.2.1 Lower Brachycera 241
9.1.2.2 Empidoidea 242
9.1.2.3 Lower Cyclorrhapha 242
9.1.2.4 Non-calyptrate Schizophora 243
9.1.2.5 Calyptratae 245
9.2 Societal Importance 246
9.2.1 Diptera as Plant Pests (Agriculture, Silviculture, and Floriculture) 246
9.2.2 Medical and Veterinary Importance 247
9.2.2.1 Disease transmission 247
9.2.2.2 Myiasis 248
9.2.3 Invasive Alien Diptera 249
9.2.4 Diptera as a General Nuisance 249
Detailed Table of Contents xi
9.2.5 Diptera in Biological Control 250
9.2.6 Pollination 251
9.2.7 Other Ecological Services (Scavengers and Decomposers) 252
9.3 Diptera of Forensic, Medicolegal, and Medical Importance 253
9.4 Diptera as Model Organisms and Research Tools 253
9.4.1 Physiology and Genetics 253
9.4.2 Technology 254
9.5 Diptera in Conservation 254
9.5.1 Bioindicators 254
9.5.2 Vanishing Species 255
9.6 Diptera as Part of Our Cultural Legacy 256
References 257
10 Biodiversity of Heteroptera 279
Thomas J. Henry
10.1 Overview of the Heteroptera 280
10.1.1 Euheteroptera 285
10.1.1.1 Infraorder Enicocephalomorpha 285
10.1.1.2 Infraorder Dipsocoromorpha 285
10.1.2 Neoheteroptera 287
10.1.2.1 Infraorder Gerromorpha 287
10.1.3 Panheteroptera 288
10.1.3.1 Infraorder Nepomorpha 288
10.1.3.2 Infraorder Leptopodomorpha 290
10.1.3.3 Infraorder Cimicomorpha 290
10.1.3.4 Infraorder Pentatomomorpha 301
10.2 The Importance of Heteropteran Biodiversity 311
Acknowledgments 313
References 313
11 Biodiversity of Coleoptera 337
Patrice Bouchard, Andrew B. T. Smith, Hume Douglas, Matthew L. Gimmel,
Adam J. Brunke and Kojun Kanda
11.1 Overview of Extant Taxa 344
11.1.1 Suborders Archostemata and Myxophaga 344
11.1.2 Suborder Adephaga 346
11.1.3 Suborder Polyphaga 347
11.1.3.1 Series Staphyliniformia 347
11.1.3.2 Series Scarabaeiformia 349
11.1.3.3 Series Elateriformia 350
11.1.3.4 Series Derodontiformia 351
11.1.3.5 Series Bostrichiformia 352
11.1.3.6 Series Cucujiformia 352
11.2 Overview of Fossil Taxa 357
11.3 Societal Benefits and Risks 357
11.3.1 Beetles of Economic Importance 357