Insect biodiversity: science and society

1046 Pages·2018·42.47 MB·English

by  Robert G. Foottit

Insect Biodiversity

Insect Biodiversity
Science and Society
Volume II
Edited by
Robert G. Foottit
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Ottawa
Ontario
Canada
Peter H. Adler
Clemson University
Clemson
South Carolina
USA
This edition first published 2018
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data applied for
ISBN: 9781118945575
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: The cover art, prepared by Matthew A. Bertone (North Carolina State University, Raleigh), shows the vast
morphological diversity among treehoppers based on plates by Edwin Wilson from the Biologia Centrali-Americana
(sections by W. W. Fowler 1894–1896).
Set in 10/12pt Warnock by SPi Global, Chennai, India
Printed in the UK by Bell & Bain Ltd, Glasgow.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Brief Table of Contents
1 Introduction – A Brief History of Revolutions in the Study of Insect Biodiversity 1
Part I Habitats and Regions 13
2 Insect Biodiversity in the Arctic 15
3 Insect Biodiversity in Indochina: A Window into the Riches of the Oriental Region 59
4 Biodiversity of Arthropods on Islands 81
5 Beneficial Insects in Agriculture: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 105
6 Insects in Caves 123
Part II Taxa 153
7 Biodiversity of the Thysanurans (Microcoryphia and Zygentoma) 155
8 Biodiversity of Zoraptera and Their Little‐Known Biology 199
9 Biodiversity of Embiodea 219
10 Biodiversity of Orthoptera 245
11 Biodiversity of Phasmatodea 281
12 Biodiversity of Dermaptera 315
13 Biodiversity of Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea 335
14 Biodiversity of Blattodea – the Cockroaches and Termites 359
15 Biodiversity of Mantodea 389
vi Brief Table of Contents
16 Biodiversity of Psocoptera 417
17 Biodiversity of Ectoparasites: Lice (Phthiraptera) and Fleas (Siphonaptera) 457
18 Biodiversity of Thysanoptera 483
19 The Diversity of the True Hoppers (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) 501
20 The Biodiversity of Sternorrhyncha: Scale Insects, Aphids, Psyllids, and Whiteflies 591
21 Biodiversity of the Neuropterida (Insecta: Neuroptera, Megaloptera, and Raphidioptera) 627
22 Biodiversity of Strepsiptera 673
23 Biodiversity of Mecoptera 705
Part III Perspectives 721
24 The Fossil History of Insect Diversity 723
25 Phenotypes in Insect Biodiversity Research 789
26 Global Change and Insect Biodiversity in Agroecosystems 801
27 Digital Photography and the Democratization of Biodiversity Information 839
28 Bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila) Diversity Through Time 851
29 Insect Biodiversity in Culture and Art 869
Index of Arthropod Taxa Arranged by Order and Family 899
Index of Arthropod Taxa Arranged Alphabetically 943
Index of non‐Arthropod Taxa Arranged Alphabetically 975
Subject Index 979
vii
Detailed Table of Contents
List of Contributors xxiii
Foreword xxix
Preface, Volume II xxxiii
Acknowledgments xxxv
1 Introduction – A Brief History of Revolutions in the Study of Insect Biodiversity 1
Peter H. Adler and Robert G. Foottit
1.1 Discovery 1
1.2 Conceptual Development 5
1.3 Information Management 6
1.4 Conclusions 7
Acknowledgments 8
References 8
Part I Habitats and Regions 13
2 Insect Biodiversity in the Arctic 15
Ian D. Hodkinson
2.1 Documenting Biodiversity – Traditional Taxonomy Versus DNA Barcoding 17
2.2 Insect Species Diversity in the Arctic 18
2.2.1 Composition of the Arctic Insect Fauna 18
2.2.2 Species Richness Trends Along Latitudinal Gradients 25
2.2.3 Geographical and Regional Variations in Species Richness 27
2.2.4 Diversity Oases Within the Arctic 28
2.3 Historical Insect Biodiversity in the Arctic – the Time Perspective 29
2.3.1 Nunataks and Glacial Refugia as Generators of Biodiversity 30
2.3.2 Endemism 31
2.4 Biodiversity on the Landscape Scale 32
2.4.1 Variation in Biodiversity on a Landscape Scale 32
2.4.2 Local Effects on Biodiversity – Predation and Natural Disturbance 34
2.5 Important Characteristics of Arctic Insect Biodiversity 35
2.5.1 Specialist Versus Generalist Species 35
2.5.2 Life‐History Adaptation 35
2.5.3 Genetic Diversity Within Species and Groups 36
2.5.4 Reproductive Variation and Parthenogenesis 36
viii Detailed Table of Contents
2.5.5 A Diversity of Adaptations for Maximizing Heat Absorption 37
2.6 Cold Tolerance – a Diversity of Adaptations 38
2.6.1 Brachyptery and Wing Polymorphism 39
2.7 Dispersal, Immigration, and Biodiversity 39
2.8 Pollinator Networks and Pollinator Biodiversity 40
2.9 A Biodiversity Paradise for Parasites? 41
2.10 Biodiversity and the Changing Arctic Climate 42
References 44
3 Insect Biodiversity in Indochina: A Window into the Riches of the Oriental Region 59
Seunghwan Lee and Ram Keshari Duwal
3.1 Physical Geography and Climate 62
3.2 Features of Insect Biodiversity in the Lower Mekong Subregion 62
3.2.1 Blattodea 70
3.2.2 Coleoptera 70
3.2.3 Dermaptera 71
3.2.4 Diptera 72
3.2.5 Embiodea 72
3.2.6 Ephemeroptera 72
3.2.7 Hemiptera 72
3.2.8 Hymenoptera 72
3.2.9 “Isoptera” 72
3.2.10 Lepidoptera 72
3.2.11 Mantodea 73
3.2.12 Mecoptera 73
3.2.13 Megaloptera 73
3.2.14 Microcoryphia and Zygentoma 73
3.2.15 Neuroptera 73
3.2.16 Notoptera (Grylloblattodea and Mantophasmatodea) 73
3.2.17 Odonata 73
3.2.18 Orthoptera 73
3.2.19 Phasmatodea 73
3.2.20 Phthiraptera 73
3.2.21 Plecoptera 74
3.2.22 Psocoptera 74
3.2.23 Raphidioptera 74
3.2.24 Siphonaptera 74
3.2.25 Strepsiptera 74
3.2.26 Thysanoptera 74
3.2.27 Trichoptera 74
3.2.28 Zoraptera 74
3.3 Insect Biodiversity and Society in Indochina 74
3.3.1 Entomophagy in the Lower Mekong Subregion 74
3.3.2 Research Initiatives 76
3.4 Conclusions 77
Acknowledgments 78
References 78