Inquiry Into Life PDF
Preview Inquiry Into Life
Twelfth Edition Sylvia S. Mader With significant contributions by Jeffrey A. Isaacson Nebraska Wesleyan University Kimberly G. Lyle-Ippolito Anderson University Andrew T. Storfer Washington State University INQUIRY INTO LIFE, TWELFTH EDITION Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning. Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States. This book is printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing 10% postconsumer waste. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 QPD/QPD 0 9 8 7 ISBN 978–0–07–298675–4 MHID 0–07–298675–1 Publisher: Janice Roerig-Blong Sponsoring Editor: Thomas C. Lyon Developmental Editor: Rose M. Koos Marketing Manager: Tamara Maury Senior Project Manager: Jayne Klein Lead Production Supervisor: Sandy Ludovissy Senior Media Project Manager: Jodi K. Banowetz Senior Media Producer: Eric A. Weber Designer: Laurie B. Janssen Cover/Interior Designer: Christopher Reese Senior Photo Research Coordinator: Lori Hancock Photo Research: Evelyn Jo Hebert Supplement Producer: Melissa M. Leick Compositor: Electronic Publishing Services Inc., NYC Art Studio: Electronic Publishing Services Inc., NYC Typeface: 10/12 Palatino Printer: Quebecor World Dubuque, IA (USE) Cover Image: © Getty Images, Father and Son Examining a Starfish by Jim Arbogast The credits section for this book begins on page C-1 and is considered an extension of the copyright page. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Mader, Sylvia S. Inquiry into life / Sylvia Mader. -- Twelfth ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-07-298675-4 --- ISBN 0-07-298675-1 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Biology. I. Title. QH308.2.M363 2008 570--dc22 2006034783 www.mhhe.com Inquiry About the Author DR. SYLVIA S. MADER has written numerous biol- ogy textbooks for WCB/McGraw-Hill in addition to her most famous book, Inquiry into Life. Her 30-year relationship with the company has yielded such titles as Biology, Human Biology, Understanding Anatomy and Physiology, and Essentials of Biology. A brilliant and prolific writer, Dr. Mader was a respected and well-loved biology instructor before she began her writing career. She developed some of her well-known teaching and learning techniques while helping science-shy students appreciate and learn biology at Lowell University and Massachusetts Bay Community College. From left to right: Drs. Isaacson, Mader, Storfer, and Lyle-Ippolito About the Contributors JEFFREY A. ISAACSON, D.V.M., PH.D., is an Associate in Genetics and a Ph.D. from The Ohio State University. Professor of Biology at Nebraska Wesleyan University. During various positions at Case Western University, His main teaching responsibilities include Microbiology, the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, and the Dayton (Ohio) Immunology, and Cell Biology, and he also supervises senior Veterans Administration Hospital, she has been involved in research projects, and conducts research on the immunologi- vaccine research and oversight of a clinical virology labora- cal effects of bovine leukemia virus. Dr. Isaacson received a tory. Dr. Lyle-Ippolito revised chapters 2-8, 22, 23, 25, and 26, B.S. in Biology from Nebraska Wesleyan University, a D.V.M and assisted with chapters 9, 10, and 29. from Kansas State College of Veterinary Medicine, and a Ph.D. in Immunobiology from Iowa State University. He ANDREW T. STORFER, PH.D., is an Assistant Professor worked as a small-animal veterinarian for several years, and of Biology at Washington State University, and he teaches also completed a post-doctoral fellowship in the Department Introductory Biology to a class of more than 1,000 non- of Immunology at the Mayo Clinic. From 1998 to 2000, Dr. major students, Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles, and Isaacson worked on vaccine development as a Senior Scientist a graduate course in Conservation Biology. Dr. Storfer at Schering Plough Animal Health in Elkhorn, Nebraska. Dr. received a B.S. in Biology from State University of New York Isaacson revised chapters 11-21, and 28. at Binghamton and a Ph.D. in Biology from the University of Kentucky, specializing in ecology and evolution. His KIMBERLY G. LYLE-IPPOLITO, PH.D., is a Professor of current research program is at the interface of two “grand Biology at Anderson University, Anderson, Indiana where challenges in environmental sciences” for the 21st century she teaches Genetics, Molecular Biology, Biochemistry, as recognized by the National Research Council: 1) under- Microbiology, Immunology, and Virology. She has twice standing the causes and consequences of the Earth’s dimin- received the Outstanding Teacher of the Year (Nicholson) ishing biodiversity; and 2) understanding the ecology and Award at Anderson University. Dr. Lyle-Ippolito received evolution of infectious diseases. Dr. Storfer revised chapters a B.S. in Biology at Wright State University, and a M.S. 1, 24, 27, and 30-36. iii Inquiry Brief Contents 1 The Study of Life 1 V part I part Continuance of the Species 416 Cell Biology 18 21 Reproductive System 417 22 Development and Aging 445 2 The Molecules of Cells 19 23 Patterns of Inheritance 471 3 Cell Structure and Function 45 24 DNA Biology and Technology 489 4 Membrane Structure and Function 67 25 Control of Gene Expression and Cancer 511 5 Cell Division 81 26 Genetic Counseling 525 6 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes 101 7 Cellular Respiration 115 VI II part part Evolution and Diversity 548 Plant Biology 130 27 Evolution of Life 549 8 Photosynthesis 131 28 Microbiology 575 9 Plant Organization and Function 147 29 Plants 607 10 Plant Reproduction and Responses 175 30 Animals: Part I 625 31 Animals: Part II 649 III part VII part Maintenance of the Human Body 196 Behavior and Ecology 674 11 Human Organization 197 12 Cardiovascular System 217 32 Animal Behavior 675 13 Lymphatic and Immune Systems 239 33 Population Growth and Regulation 691 14 Digestive System and Nutrition 259 34 Nature of Ecosystems 709 15 Respiratory System 285 35 The Biosphere 723 16 Urinary System and Excretion 303 36 Environmental Concerns 745 IV part Integration and Control of the Human Body 318 17 Nervous System 319 18 Senses 347 19 Musculoskeletal System 369 20 Endocrine System 395 iv Inquiry Contents Readings ix 5 Preface x chapter Acknowledgments xiii Guided Tour xiv Cell Division 81 Teaching and Learning Supplements xviii 1 5.1 Cell Increase and Decrease 82 5.2 Maintaining the Chromosome Number 85 chapter 5.3 Reducing the Chromosome Number 89 5.4 Comparison of Meiosis with Mitosis 93 The Study of Life 1 5.5 The Human Life Cycle 95 1.1 The Characteristics of Life 3 1.2 The Classification of Living Things 6 6 1.3 The Organization of the Biosphere 7 1.4 The Process of Science 10 chapter 1.5 Science and Social Responsibility 14 Metabolism: Energy and Enzymes 101 I 6.1 Cells and the Flow of Energy 102 part 6.2 Metabolic Reactions and Energy Transformations 104 6.3 Metabolic Pathways and Enzymes 106 Cell Biology 18 6.4 Oxidation-Reduction and the Flow of Energy 109 2 7 chapter chapter The Molecules of Cells 19 Cellular Respiration 115 2.1 Basic Chemistry 20 2.2 Molecules and Compounds 24 7.1 Metabolism 116 2.3 Chemistry of Water 27 7.2 Overview of Cellular Respiration 118 2.4 Organic Molecules 31 7.3 Outside the Mitochondria: Glycolysis 120 2.5 Carbohydrates 32 7.4 Inside the Mitochondria 122 2.6 Lipids 34 7.5 Fermentation 126 2.7 Proteins 37 2.8 Nucleic Acids 39 3 II chapter part Cell Structure and Function 45 Plant Biology 130 3.1 The Cellular Level of Organization 46 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells 47 8 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells 49 chapter 3.4 Origin and Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell 63 4 Photosynthesis 131 chapter 8.1 Overview of Photosynthesis 132 8.2 Solar Energy Capture 135 Membrane Structure and Function 67 8.3 Calvin Cycle Reactions 139 4.1 Plasma Membrane Structure and Function 68 8.4 Alternate Pathways for Photosynthesis 141 4.2 The Permeability of the Plasma Membrane 70 8.5 Photosynthesis versus Cellular Respiration 143 v vi Contents 13 9 chapter chapter Lymphatic and Immune Systems 239 Plant Organization and Function 147 13.1 The Lymphatic System 240 13.2 Innate and Acquired Immunity 242 9.1 Plant Organs 148 13.3 Active vs. Passive Immunity 248 9.2 Monocot versus Eudicot Plants 150 13.4 Adverse Effects of Immune Responses 252 9.3 Plant Tissues 151 13.5 Disorders of the Immune System 255 9.4 Organization of Leaves 154 9.5 Organization of Stems 156 14 9.6 Organization of Roots 162 9.7 Uptake and Transport of Nutrients 166 chapter Digestive System and Nutrition 259 10 14.1 The Digestive Tract 260 14.2 Three Accessory Organs 267 chapter 14.3 Digestive Enzymes 268 Plant Reproduction and Responses 175 14.4 Nutrition 270 14.5 Disorders of the Digestive System 279 10.1 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants 176 10.2 Growth and Development 180 15 10.3 Asexual Reproduction 185 chapter 10.4 Control of Growth and Responses 188 Respiratory System 285 15.1 The Respiratory System 286 15.2 Mechanism of Breathing 289 15.3 Gas Exchanges in the Body 293 III 15.4 Disorders of the Respiratory System 295 part 16 Maintenance of the chapter Human Body 196 Urinary System and Excretion 303 16.1 Urinary System 304 11 16.2 Anatomy of the Kidney and Excretion 306 16.3 Regulatory Functions of the Kidneys 310 chapter 16.4 Disorders of the Urinary System 312 Human Organization 197 IV 11.1 Types of Tissues 198 11.2 Body Cavities and Body Membranes 205 part 11.3 Organ Systems 206 11.4 Integumentary System 208 Integration and Control 11.5 Homeostasis 209 of the Human Body 318 17 12 chapter chapter Nervous System 319 Cardiovascular System 217 17.1 Nervous Tissue 320 12.1 The Blood Vessels 218 17.2 The Central Nervous System 326 12.2 The Human Heart 220 17.3 The Limbic System and Higher Mental Functions 330 12.3 The Vascular Pathways 224 17.4 The Peripheral Nervous System 334 12.4 Blood 226 17.5 Drug Abuse 338 12.5 Cardiovascular Disorders 232 17.6 Disorders of the Nervous System 340 Contents vii 18 22 chapter chapter Senses 347 Development and Aging 445 18.1 Sensory Receptors and Sensations 348 22.1 Principles of Animal Development 446 18.2 Somatic Senses 349 22.2 Human Embryonic and Fetal Development 453 18.3 Senses of Taste and Smell 351 22.3 Human Development After Birth 465 18.4 Sense of Vision 353 23 18.5 Sense of Hearing 357 18.6 Sense of Equilibrium 360 chapter 18.7 Disorders That Affect the Senses 362 Patterns of Inheritance 471 23.1 Mendel’s Laws 472 19 23.2 Beyond Simple Inheritance Patterns 480 chapter 23.3 Environmental Influences 482 23.4 Inheritance of Linked Genes 484 Musculoskeletal System 369 24 19.1 Anatomy and Physiology of Bone 370 chapter 19.2 Bones of the Skeleton 373 19.3 Skeletal Muscles 380 DNA Biology and Technology 489 19.4 Mechanism of Muscle Fiber Contraction 382 19.5 Whole Muscle Contraction 387 24.1 DNA Structure and Replication 490 19.6 Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System 390 24.2 Gene Expression 493 24.3 DNA Technology 501 25 20 chapter chapter Control of Gene Expression and Cancer 511 Endocrine System 395 25.1 Control of Gene Expression 512 20.1 Endocrine Glands and Hormones 396 25.2 Cancer: A Failure of Genetic Control 517 20.2 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 399 20.3 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands 400 26 20.4 Adrenal Glands 403 chapter 20.5 Pancreas 405 20.6 Other Endocrine Glands 405 Genetic Counseling 525 20.7 Pheromones 408 20.8 Disorders of the Endocrine System 408 26.1 Counseling for Chromosomal Disorders 526 26.2 Counseling for Genetic Disorders 534 26.3 Genomics 542 V part VI part Continuance of the Species 416 Evolution and Diversity 548 21 27 chapter chapter Reproductive System 417 Evolution of Life 549 21.1 Male Reproductive System 418 27.1 Origin of Life 550 21.2 Female Reproductive System 422 27.2 Evidence of Evolution 552 21.3 Female Hormone Levels 425 27.3 The Process of Evolution 559 21.4 Control of Reproduction 428 27.4 Speciation 566 21.5 Disorders of the Reproductive System 431 27.5 Classification 569 viii Contents 28 33 chapter chapter Microbiology 575 Population Growth and Regulation 691 28.1 The Microbial World 576 33.1 The Scope of Ecology 692 28.2 Bacteria and Archaea 577 33.2 Patterns of Population Growth 693 28.3 Protists 582 33.3 Regulation of Population Growth 698 28.4 Fungi 590 28.5 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions 595 34 chapter 29 chapter Nature of Ecosystems 709 Plants 607 34.1 The Biotic Components of Ecosystems 710 34.2 Energy Flow 711 29.1 Evolutionary History of Plants 608 34.3 Global Biogeochemical Cycles 713 29.2 Nonvascular Plants 610 29.3 Seedless Vascular Plants 612 35 29.4 Seed Plants 615 chapter 30 The Biosphere 723 chapter 35.1 Climate and the Biosphere 724 Animals: Part I 625 35.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems 727 35.3 Aquatic Ecosystems 734 30.1 Evolutionary Trends Among Animals 626 30.2 Introducing the Invertebrates 629 36 30.3 Molluscs: Coelomates 635 30.4 Annelids: Segmented Worms 638 chapter 30.5 Arthropods: Jointed Appendages 640 Environmental Concerns 745 31 36.1 Human Use of Resources 746 chapter 36.2 Impact on Biodiversity 754 36.3 Value of Biodiversity 758 Animals: Part II 649 36.4 Working Toward a Sustainable Society 762 31.1 Echinoderms 650 31.2 Chordates 652 appendix A 31.3 Vertebrates 655 31.4 Human Evolution 664 Answer Key A-1 VII appendix B part Classification of Organisms A-5 Behavior appendix C and Ecology 674 Metric System A-7 32 chapter appendix D Periodic Table of Elements A-8 Animal Behavior 675 32.1 Nature versus Nurture: Genetic Influences 676 Glossary G-1 32.2 Nature versus Nurture: Environmental Influences 678 32.3 Adaptive Mating Behavior 680 Credits C-1 32.4 Sociobiology and Animal Behavior 683 32.5 Animal Communication 685 Index I-1 Inquiry Readings A Balanced Diet 36 Frequently Asked Questions About Tobacco Prevention of Cancer 521 Skin Cancer on the Rise 213 and Health 298 Living with Klinefelter Syndrome 531 Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease 234 Preventing a Loss of Hearing 359 Trinucleotide Repeat Expansion Disorders Medicinal Leeches: Medicine Meets Fear Exercise, Exercise, Exercise 389 (TRED) 541 Factor 236 Melatonin 407 Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance 572 Opportunistic Infections and HIV 250 Preventing Transmission of STDs 439 Emerging Viral Pathogens 599 Immediate Allergic Responses 254 Preventing Birth Defects 462 A New Culprit for Stomach Ulcers 280 Are Genetically Engineered Foods Safe? 507 The Harm Done by Acid Deposition 30 Paper Comes from Plants 161 Plants: Could We Do Without Them? 622 Why Do Leaves Change Color in the Plants Can Clean up Toxic Messes 165 Ozone Shield Depletion 719 Fall? 110 Pollinators and You 184 El Niño–Southern Oscillation 740 So Why Is Photosynthesis Important to Photochemical Smog Can Kill 290 Wildlife Conservation and DNA 760 Me? 142 Endocrine-Disrupting Contaminants 430 Microscopy Today 53 Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning 513 Mate Choice and Smelly T-Shirts 683 What’s in a Chromosome? 84 Charles Darwin’s Theory of Natural Do Animals Have Emotions? 687 Matching Organs for Transplantation 314 Selection 560 The United States Population 696 How Memories Are Made 332 Maggots: A Surprising Tool for Crime Scene The Investigations of Gregor Mendel 474 Investigation 644 Finding the Structure of DNA 491 Animals and Human Medicine 659 The Pros and Cons of DDT 16 Bans on Smoking 161 Genetic Testing for Cancer Genes 522 Blue Gold 41 Declaration of Death 342 Bioinformatics in Iceland 545 Therapeutic and Reproductive Cloning 64 Taking Personal Responsibility for Health 364 Bioterrorism 602 Delaying Childbirth 95 Performance-Enhancing Drugs 391 Conservation of Coral Reefs 646 Eat Your Enzymes! 112 Fertility Drugs 412 Animals in the Laboratory 671 Illegal Cyanide Fishing 127 Assisted Reproductive Technologies 441 Population Growth in Less-Developed Food for the Human Population 144 End-of-Life Decisions 468 Countries 705 Transgenic Crops 193 Selecting Children 485 Curtailing Greenhouse Gases 720 Organ Transplants 214 DNA Fingerprinting and the Criminal Justice Pollution Legislation 741 Vaccination Requirements 256 System 508 Conservation versus Environment 763 ix Inquiry Preface MY WRITING CAREER began as I worked with my the twelfth edition of Inquiry into Life. Each contributor has a teaching colleagues to develop a course that reached out different area of expertise, and shares a genuine enthusiasm to science-shy students. We all believed in the human for teaching biology to non-major students. approach, and regardless of that week’s topic, we sought What Sets This Book Apart human applications that would make the material more relevant to the student. After teaching for several years, I Inquiry into Life covers the entire field of general biology to began to develop a methodology that enabled most students provide the fundamental principles. What sets the book apart to learn biology, and from those teaching experiences, I is the application of those principles to human concerns. developed the first edition of Inquiry into Life. As with previous editions, the central theme of Inquiry The goal of Inquiry into Life has always been, and con- into Life is understanding the workings of the human body tinues to be, to blend the classic with the new, and develop a and how humans fit into the world of living things. This is book that is both time-tested and current. The levels of bio- accomplished through logical organization serve as a guide, and the text begins with chemistry and ends with ecology. Students need to know not ■ the continued use of short stories to begin each only about themselves but also about the other organisms that chapter, many of which are stories that apply chapter share this planet with us. The systems chapters in Inquiry into material to real-life situations, Life pertain to humans, and the anatomy and physiology of ■ analogies to help students relate the concepts to other animals is discussed in the Animal Kingdom chapters. something familiar, and I firmly believe that students must develop an understanding ■ the Health, Ecology, Science, and Bioethical Focus and appreciation of how the biosphere works in order to make readings that present current and applicable decisions that will help the biosphere endure. information for discussion. These focus readings Biology has changed rapidly since Inquiry into Life was cover topics such as DNA Fingerprinting and the first published in 1976. New findings, ideas, and concepts Criminal Justice System, Bioterrorism, and Emerging have emerged over the years and created an excitement that Viral Pathogens, and are presented with the core I have always worked hard to convey. To continue with this content to encourage the application of the concepts tradition, I enlisted the help of three major contributors for to current happenings in our world. Overview of Changes and disorders has been collated and placed to Inquiry into Life, Twelfth Edition at the end of each systems chapter. These sections will allow an instructor to focus ■ Extensively revised art program. The content on disorders after students have learned about and clarity that have been a hallmark of Dr. the normal anatomy and physiology Mader’s art have been retained and improved of a system. through the use of vibrant colors and added dimension. Each figure has been updated for ■ Emphasis on Critical-Thinking and content clarification and visual appeal. Relevance. Questions that encourage students to apply what they have learned are now ■ Content revised throughout by contributing provided with every boxed reading and experts in the field. Changes were made at the end of each chapter. Vignettes and throughout all chapters to clarify and update boxed readings increase the relevancy of the information. See pages xi and xii for a listing of material, including topics such as Mate Choice the significant changes. and Smelly T-Shirts, Medicinal Leeches: ■ Collation of human disease coverage. As Medicine Meets Fear Factor, Bioterrorism, and requested by adopters, coverage of diseases DNA Fingerprinting. x
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