Inorganic Trace Analytics: Trace Element Analysis and Speciation

461 Pages·2017·2.901 MB·English

by  Henryk Emilia Matusiewicz Vassileva (editor)

Matusiewicz,Bulska(Eds.)
InorganicTraceAnalytics
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Inorganic Trace
Analytics
Trace Element Analysis and Speciation
Edited by
Henryk Matusiewicz and Ewa Bulska
Editors
Prof.Dr.HenrykMatusiewicz
DepartmentofAnalyticalChemistry
PoznanUniversityofTechnology
[email protected]
Prof.Dr.EwaBulska
FacultyofChemistry
UniversityofWarsaw
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-11-037194-9
e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-036673-0
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-039245-6
Thearticles1,2&9inthisbookhavebeenpreviouslypublishedinthejournalPhysicalSciences
Reviews(ISSN2365-659X)
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bibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de.
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Preface
The book is comprised of four sections, containing a total of 10 chapters, with two
main areas: presampling and sample preparation for different types of matrices for
inorganictraceanalysisandinorganicandbioinorganicspeciationanalysisattrace
level.
The book discusses a hitherto unrecognized sources of error in analyzing inor-
ganicandbiomedicalspecimens,namely,presamplingfactors;itaccountsfortherole
ofsamplingandsamplepreparation(reviewsselectedappliedtechniquesfordryand
wetashingofsamples)asavitalpartofacompleteanalyticalprocedure.Asystematic
approachtounderstandingcontamination,loss,andrelatedmeasurementproblems
beforestartingtheanalyticalworkistheonlywaytominimizetheimpactofunfore-
seenerrorsinthefinalanalyticalresult.Itemphasizestheneedforpreservationand
storage of biological specimens collected for element determination and speciation
analysis: cites the major factors affecting preservation such as container material,
containerpretreatment,storagetime,storagetemperature,andcontaminationofthe
laboratoryenvironment.Itgivesanextensivereviewofthemostusualsampleprepar-
ationmethodsthatcanbeusedfortraceelementdetermination.Whilemethodsfor
samplepreparationintotalelementdeterminationsaregenerallywellestablished,the
determinationofthechemicalformsoftheelementsinbiologicalandenvironmental
samples,food,andindustryisthemainkeytofutureadvancesinthesesubjectareas
andthisbookgivesareviewofthestateoftheartofspeciationissuesinbiological
systems,food,industrialmaterials,andenvironmentsectors.Adistinctionisrecom-
mended between analysis of a specific chemical form of a trace element in several
biological,food,environmental,industrialmaterialsandananalysisinwhichdiffer-
entchemicalformsmakeupthetotalelementcontentinacompartment.Moreover,
theissueofthequalityofresultsisalsohighlightedtowardtheaccuracyoftheresults
fortraceelementspeciation.
Theinevitabledelaybetweenwritingandpublicationmeansthatithasnotbeen
possibletoincludeallthemostrecentworkinthisfield.Withoutdoubt,manyofthe
subjectareastargetedinthisbookhavealreadyreceivedin-depthtreatmentbyappro-
priatechapters.Assemblingthisknowledgeintoasinglesourceprovesadvantageous
totheuseronlyifitisaccomplishedconciselyandcomprehensively.
An acknowledgment must be given for the dedicated work of all the contribut-
ingauthorsthatmadepossibletopreparethisbook.Finally,wewouldliketothank
theeditorialstaffofDeGruyterandespeciallyDr.KatharinaButsch(AcquisitionsEd-
itor Chemistry) for the invitation to edit this book and for the dedicated work and
contributionstoanalyticalchemistry.
HenrykMatusiewicz
EwaBulska
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110366730-202

Contents
Preface V
Contributors XIII
HenrykMatusiewiczandEwaBulska
TraceElementsinEnvironmental,BiologicalandIndustrialSamples 1
PartI: MethodologyinTraceElementDetermination
HenrykMatusiewicz
1 SamplePreparationforInorganicTraceElementAnalysis 5
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Aspectsofsamplingandsamplepreservation 5
1.2.1 Sample 7
1.2.2 Specimen 7
1.2.3 Randomsampling 7
1.2.4 Systematicsampling 8
1.2.5 Representativesampling 8
1.2.6 Compositesampling 8
1.2.7 Subsampling 9
1.3 Errorsourcesduringtheanalyticalprocedure 11
1.3.1 Blank 13
1.3.2 Contamination 13
1.3.3 Reagents 15
1.3.4 Materials 18
1.3.5 Contaminationbysamplehandling 20
1.3.6 Losses 20
1.4 Sampletreatmentafterthesamplingprocess 22
1.5 Decompositionasasamplepreparationmethodforelementalanalysis:an
analyticalperspective 25
1.5.1 Sampledecompositiontechniques 26
1.6 Conclusionsandfuturetrends 54
Funding 57
References 57
EwaBulskaandAnnaRuszczyn´ska
2 AnalyticalTechniquesforTraceElementDetermination 69
2.1 Introduction 69
2.2 Spectroscopictechniques 70
2.2.1 Atomicabsorptionspectrometry 70
2.2.2 Inductivelycoupledplasmaatomicemissionspectrometry 75
2.2.3 Inductivelycoupledplasmamassspectrometry 76
2.2.4 LaserablationICPMS 78
VIII Contents
2.3 Electrochemicaltechniques 80
2.4 Othertechniquesusedfortraceanalysis 83
2.4.1 TechniquesusesX-ray 83
2.4.2 Activationanalysis 84
References 84
PartII: Matrices–Selectedapplications
EmiliaVassilevaandPetkoMandjukov
3 TraceElementsintheEnvironment 95
3.1 Generalaspectsofenvironmentalanalysis 95
3.2 Traceelements(generalinformation,ecologicalimportance,common
speciesinthenature) 97
3.2.1 Generalinformationontraceelements 100
3.3 Environmentalmonitoring 115
3.4 Determinationoftraceelementsinenvironmentalsamples 118
3.5 Environmentalmatrices–generalcharacteristicsandanalytical
aspects 119
3.5.1 Naturalwaters 119
3.5.2 Soils 124
3.5.3 Sediments 126
3.5.4 Air,airborneparticles 130
3.6 Speciationanalysisintheenvironmentsamples 132
3.6.1 Typesofchromatographictechniquesusedinspeciationanalysis 133
3.7 Isotopicanalysis 145
3.7.1 Usetheisotoperatiosasatoolforinvestigationofenvironmental
pollution 145
3.8 Metrologicalaspectsofenvironmentalmonitoring
oftraceelements 147
3.8.1 Useofreferencematerials 148
3.8.2 Measurementuncertaintyintheenvironmentanalysis:studycase 149
3.8.3 Practical aspects on the traceability of trace elements
inenvironmentalsamples 158
References 159
KatarzynaWrobel,KazimierzWrobel,AlmaRosaCorralesEscobosaandArmando
GómezOjeda
4 FoodAnalysisandSpeciation 178
4.1 Topics,elementsandspeciesofinterest 178
4.2 Determinationoftotalelements 181
4.3 Speciationschemesandanalysisofselectedfoodmatrices 203
4.3.1 Mercury 207
4.3.2 Arsenic 240
Contents IX
4.3.3 Selenium 242
4.3.4 Otherelements 244
4.4 Futureperspectivesinfoodanalysisandspeciation 245
Acknowledgments 246
References 247
AnnaRuszczyn´skaandElizaKurek
5 TraceElementandSpeciationAnalysisofBiologicalSamples 261
5.1 Traceelementanalysisofbiologicalsamples 261
5.1.1 Sampling,samplestorageandsamplingtreatment 262
5.2 Elementspeciationofbiologicalsamples 265
5.2.1 Sampling,samplestorageandsampletreatment 266
5.3 Elements 267
References 270
WiktorDmitrukandZuzannaBroz˙ek-Mucha
6 ForensicAnalysisofMicrotraces 276
6.1 Characterisationofforensicmicrotraces 276
6.2 Analyticalmethodology 276
6.3 Evidencematerials 278
6.3.1 GSR–inorganicgunshotresidue 278
6.3.2 Airbagdeploymentresidues 285
6.3.3 Paint 286
6.3.4 Glass 288
6.3.5 Evidentialmaterials–summary 298
References 299
AndrzejWycis´lik
7 IndustrialAnalysisandSpeciation 302
7.1 Introduction 302
7.2 Abriefhistoricaloverviewofthedevelopmentofmetallurgical
analytics 304
7.3 Fieldsofapplicationoftheanalyticaltechniquesinmetallurgy 307
7.4 Rangeofmaterials 307
7.5 Developmentsinmetallurgicalanalytics 308
7.6 Determinationofchemicalcompositionofmetalalloysandotherindustrial
materials 310
7.7 Theconceptofspeciationinrelationtometallurgyandmaterials
engineering 311
7.8 Chemicalandelectrochemicalphaseextraction 312
7.8.1 Chemicalphaseextraction 312
7.8.2 Electrochemicalphaseextraction 313