Inorganic Nitrogen in Plants and Microorganisms: Uptake and Metabolism PDF
Preview Inorganic Nitrogen in Plants and Microorganisms: Uptake and Metabolism
W. R. Ullrich C. Rigano A. Fuggi P. 1. Aparicio (Eds.) Inorganic Nitrogen in Plants and Microorganisms Uptake and Metabolism With 122 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Professor WOLFRAM R. ULLRICH Institut fUr Botanik Technische Hochschule SchnittspahnstraBe 3 6100 Darmstadt, FRO Professor CARMELO RIGANO Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale Universita di Napoli Via Foria 223 80139 Napoli, Italy Professor AMODIO FuGGI Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale Universita di Napoli Via Foria 223 80139 Napoli, Italy Professor PEDRO 1. APARICIO Centro de Investigaciones Biol6gicas CSIC Velazquez 144 28006 Madrid, Spain ISBN-13:978-3-642-75814-0 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-75812-6 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-75812-6 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990 Softcoverreprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990 The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regula tions and therefore free for general use. 2131/3145(3011)-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper Preface Three years after the first European Meeting on Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism in J arandilla de la Vera, Spain, it was time to meet again and exchange new results and ideas among the scientists involved in this field. The new meeting was held in Seiano di Vico Equense, Italy, in June 1989. It was also primarily European, but again several guests from abroad were invited as speakers. Already during the preparation of this "Second Advanced Course" we saw there had been such a development in research that we arranged with Springer-Verlag to publish the contributions under the cover of a new book. In order to extend the available space without a substantial increase in costs of producing a well-printed volume, we asked the contributors to send us their articles on diskettes. Many kindly responded to this request. We then converted all the corrected texts to the same font for laser printing. The aim of this book is to give a survey of the progress within the last few years in research on inorganic nitrogen by the main experts. The contributions are in part original papers, but generally they are of a review character, leading the reader to the actual state of development. Thus, within this volume, the reader will find a rather wide spectrum of mainly physiological, biochemical and genetic approaches to "Inorganic Nitrogen Uptake and Metabolism", providing a sort of cross-section of present scientific research. The main parts cover six topics, starting from some general or basic subjects in Part 1: The history of discoveries in inorganic nitrogen metabolism as elucidated in an interesting personal retrospective by one of the pioneers, Richard Hageman, followed by two articles with recent, and some novel, aspects of energetics in plant metabolism and, less related to the former but of great public interest, a critical review on nitrogen and the quality of human food. Parts 2 and 3 are closer to classical plant physiology, reporting progress in research on uptake and assimilation of inorganic nitrogen. Part 3 deals more particularly with the interface between nitrogen and carbon metabolism. Parts 4 and 5 are the mainly biochemical parts concerning the structure of enzymes and metabolic regulation, on the one hand, and genetics and molecular biology, on the other. The separation of these two parts is indistinct since presently most work on metabolic regulation includes molecular biology and genetics and vice versa. Finally, Part 6 is again dedicated to whole organisms, to storage and partitioning of inorganic nitrogen, ecology, and stress physiology with regard to uptake and metabolism. Within the individual parts of the volume, the general line is always drawn from higher plants to eukaryotic algae and fungi, and then to prokaryotes. As to the sequence of metabolic steps or compounds, nitrate has been placed in the first position, followed by nitrite, nitric and nitrous oxides, ammonium, and dinitrogen. VI It should be mentioned that besides the articles represented in this book there were 76 posters exhibited at the meeting that could not be included in this volume for reasons of space and the arrangements with Springer-Verlag. However, everyone knows the outstanding value these posters often have in contributing new ideas and data. The "Second Advanced Course on Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism" took place in the "Moon Valley Hotel" in Seiano di Vico Equense, a beautiful site south of Naples with a full view of the Gulf of Naples and Vesuvio. To Carmelo Rigano and Amodio Fuggi, together with other members of the Department of Plant Physiology of the Universita di Napoli, fell the extensive task of organizing the whole meeting, and they chose this highly appropriate and well-equipped place. Also, the stimulating historical environment, with its Greek and Roman tradition, contributed to the excellent atmosphere and success of the meeting. Although antiquity had no idea of nitrogen as an element, Gaius Plinius Secundus, the well-known Roman writer who died during the disastrous eruption of Vesuvio in 79 A.D., reported on long experience with leguminous plants for fertilizing crop fields. In his Naturalis Historia (liber XVill) he wrote: "(Paba) solum in quo sata est laetificat stercoris vice. Ideo circa Macedoniam Thessaliamque, cumflorere coepit, vertunt arva .... Et vicia pinguescunt arva, nee ipsa agricolis operosa. Uno sulco sata non saritur, non stercoratur. ... " [(Broad bean) improves the soil in which it is sown like a fertilizer. Thus in the area of Macedonia and Thessalia, when it has begun to flower, they turn the soil. ... Also from the vetch the fields become richer, and it does not require much work for the farmers. Once sown in the furrow it is not weeded, not fertilized ... ] The "Advanced Course" was held under the patronage of several institutions to which we are highly indebted: Amministrazione Provinciale di Napoli, Assessorato Pubblica Istruzione della Regione Campania, Federation of European Societies of Plant Physiology, and Societa Italiana di Fisiologia Vegetale. The warm welcome by the President of "Amministrazione Provinciale di Napoli", Dr. Salvatore Piccolo, and his appreciation of the meeting and its subject during the opening session were especially appreciated as a sign of the high regard paid by political administrators to scientific research. The financial support by various Italian and local institutions as well as by the respective national organizations of the participants is gratefully acknowledged. These were: Amministrazione Provinciale di Napoli, Commune di Vico Equense, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Dipartimento di Biologia Vegetale, Federation of European Societies of Plant Physiology, Societa ltaliana di Fisiologia Vegetale, and Universita di Napoli. With respect to the national institutions, support from the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas to the Spanish and from the Deutsche Forschungs gemeinschaft to the German participants for their bilateral contacts is acknowledged vn among others with gratitude. Without all this financial support a meeting of this size and scientific level would not have been possible. As to the preparation of this volume, the editors wish to express their special thanks to Helmut Schipp von Branitz, Darmstadt, for his intensive and, indeed, very essential help in preparing manuscripts and diskettes for fmal publication. Thanks are finally due to Springer-Verlag for accepting the task of the fmal printing and publishing of the volume with their usual high quality standard. May this book serve as a source of information on new data and recent ideas to all those who are involved in research in the field of nitrogen metabolism and to those who need and want an overview in its recent development. Wolfram R. Ullrich Carmelo Rigano Amodio Fuggi Pedro J. Aparicio Contents Part 1 History and General Topics History Historical Perspectives of the Enzymes of Nitrate Assimilation by Crop Plants and Potential for Biotechnological Application R.H. Hageman 3 Energetics Light Energy Utilization in Oxygenic Photosynthesis G. Forti (With 2 Figures) 12 Sequential Energy Transduction in Photosynthesis M. Losada, M.G. Guerrero, M.A. de la Rosa, A. Serrano, M. Hervas and J.M. Ortega (With 3 Figures) 21 Nitrogen and Human Nutrition The Effect of Nitrogen on the Quality of Main Crops A.Bozzini 28 Part 2 Transport and Assimilation of Inorganic Nitrogen Eukaryotes Growth and Nitrate Uptake Properties of Higher Plants: Relations to External and Internal Nitrogen C.-M. Larsson and P. Oscarson (With 1 Figure) 37 Transport of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds: Physiological Studies on Uptake and Assimilation W.R. Ullrich, S. Lesch, L. Jarczyk, M. Herterich and G.D. Trogisch (With 6 Figures) 44 New Regulatory Steps in Nitrate Assimilation of Lower and Higher Plants R. Tischner 51 Accwnulation and Vacuolar Remobilization of Nitrate in Catharanthus roseus Cells G. Marigo, H. Bouyssou, A.M. Pennarun and J.P. Rona (With 1 Figure) 54 Nitrate Uptake in Catharanthus roseus Cells: Electrophysiological Effects J.P. Rona, M. Monestiez, A.M. Pennarun, M. Convert, D. Cornel, U. Bousquet, R. Kiolle and G. Marigo (With 5 Figures) 60 x Uptake of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds in an Acidophilic Alga A. Fuggi (With 3 Figures) 66 Regulation of Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism in Chlamydorrwnas reinhardtii J.M. Vega and A. Menacho (With 1 Figure) 73 Prokaryotes Nitrate Transport in Cyanobacteria M.G. Guerrero, J.M. Romero, R. Rodriguez and e. Lara (With 1 Figure) 79 Targeted Mutagenesis of the 45 kDa Protein Inactivates Nitrate Transport in Synechococcus PCC 7942 T. Ornata, M. Ohmori, N. Arai and T. Ogawa (With 6 Figures) 86 Nitrogen Metabolism in Heterotrophic Bacteria: Simultaneous Ammonia Inhibition of Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrate Uptake, and Divalent-Cation Regulation of Nitrate Uptake in Azotobacter chroococcum A. Paneque, F.J. Cejudo, M.T. Ruiz and M.G. de la Vega (With 2 Figures) 93 Ammonia Transport Systems in Cyanobacteria S. Boussiba (With 1 Figure) 99 Ammonia Uptake and Assimilation by Mutant Strains of the Cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis Resistant to Ammonia-Analogues N.W. Kerby, P. Rowell and A. Reglinski (With 4 Figures) 106 Part 3 Carbon-Nitrogen Relationship Nitrogen Metabolism of Mutants of Barley Lacking Key Enzymes of Ammonia Assimilation PJ. Lea, K.W. Joy and R.D. Blackwell (With 2 Figures) 115 The Greater 13C Natural Abundance in Nitrate-Grown than in Ammonium-Grown Ricinus communis is Mainly a Function of the Lower Ratio of C02 Transport Limitation to Biochemical Limitation of Photosynthesis in Nitrate-Grown Plants, with Their Higher Organic Anion Content as a Less Significant Factor J.A. Raven and G.D. Farquhar 121 Interactions between Respiration and Nitrogen Assimilation during Photosynthesis D.H. Turpin, H.G. Weger, R.G. Smith, W.e. Plaxton and M. Lin (With 4 Figures) 124 Carbon Metabolism and Ammonium Assimilation under Light or Dark Conditions in N-Sufficient and N-Limited Unicellular Algae e. Rigano, V. Di Martino Rigano, V. Vona, S. Esposito and C. Di Martino (With 3 Figures) 131 XI The Role of Amino Acids in the Regulation of Cyanobacterial Glucose-6- Phosphate Dehydrogenase P. Rowell and G.G. Simpson (With 5 Figures) 137 Regulation of Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism in the Phototrophic Bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus E1F1 C. Moreno-Vivian, FJ. Caballero, M. Martinez-Luque, J. Cardenas and P. Castillo (With 3 Figures) 145 The Regulation of the Reduction of Inorganic Nitrogen in Chlorophyllous Tissue: Uptake and Reduction of Nitrite by Intact Chloroplasts C.P. Cresswell, M.P. Watt, A.M. Amory and A. Whittaker (With 5 Figures) 151 Part 4 Enzymes: Structure and Metabolic Regulation Nitrate and Nitrite Reduction Nitrate and Nitrite Utilization by Sunflower Plants J.M. Maldonado, E. Agtiera and P. de la Haba (With 3 Figures) 159 The Role of N03-and NR!+ Ions in the Regulation of Nitrate Reductase in Higher Plants A. Oaks, D.M. Long, M. Zoumadakis, X.-Z. Li and C. Hertig (With 3 Figures) 165 Blue Light Activation of Nitrate Reductase and Blue Light Promotion of the Biosynthesis of Nitrite Reductase in Monoraphidium braunii M.A. Quinones and P.J. Aparicio (With 5 Figures) 171 Controlled Proteolysis of Nitrate Reductase: Identification and Properties of Products B.A. Notton, RJ. Fido and M.J. Barber (With 3 Figures) 178 The Regulation of Nitrate Assimilation in Yeast c.R. Hipkin (With 1 Figure) 183 Participation of Pterin-Molybdenum Cofactor in the Regulation of Nitrate Reductase Activity and Signal Transduction during Light-Stimulated Conidiation of Neurospora crassa H. Ninnemann and S. Frosch (With 2 Figures) 190 Nitrate Assimilation in the Non-N2-Fixing Cyanobacterium Phormidium laminosum J.L. Serra, J.M. Arizmendi, P. Blanco, M. Martinez-Bilbao, A. Alana, O. Fresnedo, I. Urkijo and M.J. Llama (With 2 Figures) 196 Biochemistry, Regulation and Genetics of Nitrite Reduction in Barley J.L. Wray, S.-M. Ip, E. Duncanson, A.F. Gilkes and D.W. Kirk 203 xn Nitrite Reduction in the Roots and Leaves of Pisum sativum D.P. Hucklesby, M.J. Emes, C.G. Bowsher and R. Cammack (With 1 Figure) 210 Production ofN itrogen Oxides Production of Nitrous Oxide and Nitric Oxide by Some Nitrate-Respiring Bacteria R. V06winkel and H. Bothe (With 2 Figures) 216 Ammonia and Dinitrogen Assimilation Role of Amination and Transamination in Ammonium Incotporation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii J. Cardenas, B. Lain-Guelbenzu, E. Moyano and J. Munoz-Blanco (With 1 Figure) 222 NADP-Isocitrate Dehydrogenases in Higher Plants R.D. Chen, P. Gadal, E. Bismuth and M.L. Champigny (With 1 Scheme) 229 Regulation of Nitrogen Metabolism in Rhizobium M. Iaccarino, M. Rossi, R. Defez, M. Chiurazzi, G. Manco, G. Espin, A. Lamberti and A. Riccio 234 Oxygen and Nitrogenase in Non-Heterocystous Cyanobacteria J.R. Gallon (With 1 Figure) 241 Properties of Three Ferredoxins from the Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodobacter capsulatus: Studies on Their Possible Role in Nitrogen Fixation Y. Jouanneau (With 1 Figure) 248 Part 5 Enzymes: Genetics and Molecular Biology Eukaryotes Biochemistry, Molecular Genetics and Regulation of Nitrate Reductase in Nicotiana plumbaginijolia, Tobacco and Tomato P. Rouze, I:Cherel, F. Daniel-Vedele, M. Deng, J. Gabard, M. Gonneau, M. Kavanagh, J. Levin, A. Marion-Poll, C. Meyer, T. Moureaux, F. Pelsy, S. Pouteau, H. Vaucheret, M. Vincentz and M. Caboche (With 3 Figures) 257 Molecular Characterization of Maize NADH:Nitrate Reductase W.H. Campbell (With 3 Figures) 266 Glutamine Synthetase of French Bean: From Genes to Isoenzymes J.V. Cullimore, J.M. Cook, M.P. Robbins and MJ. Bennett (With 4 Figures) 273
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