Inorganic Contaminants in the Vadose Zone

207 Pages·1989·6.936 MB·English

by  H. Klamberg, G. Matthess, A. Pekdeger (auth.), Dr. Bnayahu Bar-Yosef, Dr. N. J. Barrow, Dr. J. Goldshmid (eds.)

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B. Bar-¥osef N. J. Barrow J. Goldshmid (Eds.)
Inorganic
Contaminants in
the Vadose Zone
With 70 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong
Dr. Bnayahu Bar.:vosef
Agricultural Research Organization
The Volcani Center
Institute of Soils and Water
P.O. Box 6
Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
Dr. N.J. Barrow
CSIRO Division of Animal Production
Private Bag
PO Wembley 6014
Western Australia, Australia
Dr. J. Goldshmid
Environmental Engineering & Design Compo Ltd.
P. O. Box 43059
Thl Aviv 61430, Israel
ISBN-13:978-3-642-74453-2 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-74451-8
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-74451-8
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. Inorganic contaminants in the vadose
rone / B. Bar-Yosef, N.J. Barrow, and J. Goldsbmid, eds. p. em. - (Ecological studies; vol.
74) Selected papers from an international workshop hosted by the Institute of Soils and Water
of the Agricultural Resean:h Organization, Israel, June 1987, sponsored by the International
Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and International Association of Hydrological Sciences.
Includes index.ISBN -13 :978-3-642-74453-2(U. S.).Inorganic compounds-Environmental aspects
- Congresses. 2. Soil pollution - Congresses. 3. Zone of aeration - Congresses. I. Bar¥osef,
B. (Bnayahu), 1941- II. Barrow, N.J. III. Goldsbmid, J. (Jhuda), 1931- . IV. Makhon le
kfCk,' u-mayim (Israel) V. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. VI. Interna
tional Association of Hydrological Sciences. VII. Series: Ecological Studies; v. 74.
TD879.I5S1S6 1989 574.5'26404 - de 20
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Preface
The understanding of pollutant transformations, sorption and
transport in soils and uptake by plants is the key to controlling
contaminant movement towards groundwater and accumulation in
food-chains. Some of these major processes were discussed in the
first International Workshop on Pollutants in Porous Media, con
vened in Israel in 1983 (pollutants in Porous Media, Eds. Yaron,
Dagan and Goldshmid, Springer-Verlag, 1984). Since that meeting,
research on contaminant impact on the environment expanded
considerably. New mechanisms explaining inorganic pollutant par
titioning between solid and solution phases in soils were proposed
and tested; specific elements and specific reactions were investigat
ed, and more case studies to evaluate management practice effects
on drinking water quality and accumulation of contaminants in
crops were carried out. The recognition that the new knowledge
needs to be discussed and evaluated, and the scientific and
engineering communities be updated, led the IUPAC (Interna
tional Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) and IAHS (Interna
tional Association of Hydrological Sciences) Water Quality Com
missions to organize a second International Workshop on pollu
tant behaviour in the vadose zone, hosted by the Institute of Soils
and Water of the Agricultural Research Organization, Israel. In
this workshop, taking place in June 1987, attention was focused on
chemical, physico-chemical and microbial-mediated reactions of
different contaminants in the vadose zone. This book contains
selected works presented in the 1987 workshop by invited special
ists from various disciplines and countries. It is supplemented by
the proceedings of the other part of the 1987 workshop, which
dealt with organic contaminants in the vadose zone (Eds. Gerstl,
Chen, Mingelgrin, and Yaron, Springer-Verlag, 1989).
The contributions in this book were grouped into four parts:
(1) Processes and Principles of Inorganic Pollutant Behaviour in
Reactive Porous Media, with emphasis on modelling ion partition
ing between solution and solid phases, and the effect of solute
movement on microbial transformations in soils. (2) Behaviour of
Specific Elements in the Soil, and its dependence on pH, redox
potential and microbial activity. (3) Management of Inorganic
VI Preface
Pollutants, with emphasis on pollutant discharge rate from various
waste sources, uptake by crops and effects on soil properties. (4)
Case Studies, showing effects of improved fertilization manage
ment on pollutant load in soil, and a method to trace ion transport
to deep underground water under field conditions.
We acknowledge the support given to the workshop by the
Israeli Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Science and Develop
ment, the Seagram Foundation for Soil and Water Sciences of the
Hebrew University, and the US-Israel Binational Agricultural
Research and Development Fund. We thank the workshop par
ticipants for their written contributions, and Springer-Verlag for
undertaking the publication of this book.
The Editors
Contents
Part A Processes and Principles of Pollutants Behavior
in Reactive Porous Media
Organo-Metal Complexes as Mobility-Determining Factors
of Inorganic Toxic Elements in Porous Media
H. Klamberg, G. Matthess, and A. Pekdeger
(With 7 Figures) .................................... 3
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Organic Substances in Natural Porous Media. . . . . . . . 5
3 Experimental Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1 Origin and Properties of Samples. ..... . . ..... .... . 6
3.2 Monolith Lysimeter Experiments.... . . . .. .... . .. . . . 7
3.3 Batch and Column Experiments................... 8
4 Results......................................... 8
4.1 Monolith Lysimeter Experiments. . . . . . ... ....... . . . 8
4.2 Batch Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.3 Column Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Suitability of Sorption-Desorption Models to Simulate
Partitioning and Movement of Ions in Soils
N. J. Barrow (With 5 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2 Simple ApprQaches .............................. 18
3 Constrained Approaches ....................... : . . 19
4 Pragmatic Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5 Mechanistic Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
6 Simulation of Movement ......................... 25
7 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
VIII Contents
Oxyanion Sorption on Soil Surfaces
U. Kafkafi (With 8 Figures) .......................... 33
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2 Sites of Reactions of Oxyanions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3 Inorganic Oxyanion Adsorption ................... 35
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
The Effects of Micro-Scale Solute Movement on Biotic
Ihmsformations in Porous Media
P. R. Darrah (With 7 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2 'JYpes of Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3 Mechanistic Models of Soil Processes .............. 44
4 Micro-Scale Effects on Biotic Transformations. . . . . . . 46
5 Micro-Scale Transport Processes in Artificial Porous
Media.......................................... 47
6 Micro-Scale Diffusion of Oxygen in Soil. . . . . . . . . . . . 50
7 Micro-Scale Diffusion of Enzyme Substrates in Soil . . 51
8 Micro-Scale Diffusion of Soil Acidity in Soil . . . . . . . . 52
9 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
References. . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 55
Effect of Gels and Coatings on Oay Mineral Chemical
Properties
M. Robert and M. Terce (With 8 Figures) .............. 57
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2 Micromorphological Evidence of the Presence of
Coatings on Clays ............................... 57
3 Effect of Coatings on Clay Chemical Properties . . . . . 60
3.1 Surface Characteristics of Amorphous Compounds .. 60
3.2 Effect of Coatings on Clay Electrical Charges. . . . . .. 62
3.3 Effect of Gels or Coatings on Clay Adsorption
Properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Part B Behaviour of Specific Elements
Fluoride Sorption and Mobility in Reactive Porous Media
B. Bar-Yosef, I. Afik, and R. Rosenberg (With 8 Figures). 75
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.1 F Adsorption by K-Montmorillonite. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. 76
Contents IX
2.2 F Sorption by Soils ........................ . . . . . . 77
2.3 F Movement in Water-Saturated Soil Columns. . . . . . . 78
3 Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.1 F Adsorption by K-Montmorillonite.......... ...... 78
3.2 F Sorption by Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.3 F Movement in Water-Saturated Soil Columns. . . . . . . 84
4 Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Cu, Zn, and Cd Availability in a Sludge-Amended Soil
Under Controlled pH and Redox Potential Conditions
R.P. Gambrell and W.H. Patrick, Jr. (With 1 Figure).... 89
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
1.1 Background..................................... 89
1.2 Literature Review: Soil Redox Effects on Plant
Uptake of Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
1.3 Objectives and Experimental Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2 Materials and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.1 Sludge and Soil Sources ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
2.2 Preliminary Study-Effect of Air or N2 Purging on
Extractable Cu, Zn, and Cd in Soil/Sludge Mixtures
of Various Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
2.3 Incubation of Sludge: Soil Suspensions Under
Controlled pH and Redox Potential Conditions. . . . . . 94
2.4 Extraction Procedures for Chemical Availability Studies 95
2.5 Plant Uptake Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.6 Experimental Incubations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
2.7 Effect of Aerobic or Anaerobic Sewage Digestion
Method on Plant Availability of Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3 Results and Discussion ........................... 97
3.1 Chemical Availability Studies - Preliminary Study ,
with Air and N2 Purged Sludge/Soil Suspensions .... 97
3.2 Chemical Availability Studies - Controlled pH and
Redox Potential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.3 Plant Uptake Studies........................ .... . 101
3.4 Effect of Aerobic or Anaerobic Sewage Digestion
Method on Plant Availability of Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4 Summary and Conclusions........................ 103
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Microbiological Aspects of Heavy Metal and Toxic
Chemical Behaviour in Porous Media
K.H. Domsch (With 13 Figures) ...................... 107
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
2 Microbiological Aspects .......................... 107
x Contents
2.1 Influence on Microbial Communities...... ..... .... 108
2.2 Influence on Microbial Functions..... . . . . ..... .... 109
2.3 Influence on Microbial Interactions ................ 112
3 Chemical Behaviour. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.1 Microbial Contributions to Availability. . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.2 Relative Toxicity of Chemicals..... .... ..... . .... .. 115
3.3 Relative Stability of Chemicals .................... 115
4 Environmental Influences on Chemical Behaviour. . . . 116
4.1 Biotic Influences on Degradation .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.2 Abiotic Influences on Degradation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. '118
5 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
References..... . ... . ... ........ . .... . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . 120
Part C Management of Inorganic Pollutants
Municipal Sludges and Utility Ashes in California and
Their Effects on Soils
A. C. Chang, A. L. Page, L. J. Lund, J. E. Warneke, and
C. O. Nelson (With 2 Figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
2 Inorganic Chemical Composition of Fly Ash and
Municipal Sludge in California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
2.1 Fly Ash ........................................ 126
2.2 Municipal Sewage Sludges ........................ 128
3 Movement of Toxic Chemical Constituents in Solid
Waste-Treated Soils......... ..... . . .... . ....... . .. 129
4 Physical Properties of Waste-Treated Soils. . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.1 Particle Size Analysis and Consistency Limits ....... 133
4.2 Bulk Density, Hydraulic Conductivity, Water-Holding
Capacity, and Modulus of Rupture....... . . . . . . .... 135
5 Summary and Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Toxic Element Accumulation in Soils and Crops:
Protecting Soil Fertility and Agricultural Food-Chains
R. L. Chaney (With 1 Figure) ...... ..... . . . . . .. . . .... . 140
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
2 Transfer of Sludge-Applied 1tace Elements to
Animals by Direct Ingestion of Sludge or Sludge-
Amended Soil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
2.1 Bioavailability of Elements in Ingested Sludge . . . . . . . 143
3 "Soil-Plant Barrier" Protects the Food-Chain Against
Most Toxic Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144