Inorganic Chemistry PDF
Preview Inorganic Chemistry
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY FOURTH EDITION CATHERINE E. HOUSECROFT AND ALAN G. SHARPE 1 (cid:1) ol m Relativeatomicmass/g 146.92231.04226.03222186.21102.9185.47101.07150.3544.9678.9628.09107.8722.9987.6232.06180.9598.91127.60158.92204.37232.04168.93118.7147.90183.85238.0350.94131.30173.0488.9165.4191.22 micber m o Atnu 619188867545374462213414471138167343526581906950227492235470393040 ol b m Sy PmPaRaRnReRhRbRuSmScSeSiAgNaSrSTaTcTeTbTlThTmSnTiWUVXeYbYZnZr mm m Element PromethiuProtactiniuRadiumRadonRheniumRhodiumRubidiumRutheniumSamariumScandiumSeleniumSiliconSilverSodiumStrontiumSulfurTantalumTechnetiuTelluriumTerbiumThalliumThoriumThuliumTinTitaniumTungstenUraniumVanadiumXenonYtterbiumYttriumZincZirconium 1 (cid:1) ol m Relativeatomicmass/g 178.494.00164.931.008114.82126.90192.2255.8583.80138.91262207.196.94174.9724.3154.94258.10200.5995.94144.2420.18237.0558.6992.9114.01259190.2316.00106.4230.97195.08239.0521039.10140.91 micber m o 22719376673231251020038172686584499 Atnu 7 6 457235108 712108461924 107 4179815 ol b m Sy HfHeHoHInIIrFeKrLaLrPbLiLuMgMnMdHgMoNdNeNpNiNbNNoOsOPdPPtPuPoKPr m Element HafniumHeliumHolmiumHydrogenIndiumIodineIridiumIronKryptonLanthanumLawrenciumLeadLithiumLutetiumMagnesiumManganeseMendeleviumMercuryMolybdenumNeodymiumNeonNeptuniumNickelNiobiumNitrogenNobeliumOsmiumOxygenPalladiumPhosphorusPlatinumPlutoniumPoloniumPotassiumPraseodymiu 1 (cid:1) ol m Relativeatomicmass/g 227.0326.98241.06121.7539.9574.92210137.34249.089.01208.9810.8179.91112.40132.9140.08252.0812.01140.1235.4552.0158.9363.54244.07162.50252.09167.26151.96257.1019.00223157.2569.7272.59196.97 micber m o 93518356743558508687479669830974129 Atnu 819513859 8 34529 512229696610 86337 ol b m Sy AcAlAmSbArAsAtBaBkBeBiBBrCdCsCaCfCCeClCrCoCuCmDyEsErEuFmFFrGdGaGeAu Elements Element ActiniumAluminiumAmericiumAntimonyArgonArsenicAstatineBariumBerkeliumBerylliumBismuthBoronBromineCadmiumCaesiumCalciumCaliforniumCarbonCeriumChlorineChromiumCobaltCopperCuriumDysprosiumEinsteiniumErbiumEuropiumFermiumFluorineFranciumGadoliniumGalliumGermaniumGold 18uo94] 1U2 [ 16uh91] 1U2 [ 15up88] 1U2 [ 14uq89] 1U2 [ 3ut4] 1 8 1U2 [ Visitthe Inorganic Chemistry, fourth edition Companion Website at www.pearsoned.co.uk/housecroft to find valuable studentlearning material including: . Multiple choice questions tohelp test your learning . Rotatable three-dimensionalstructures taken from the book . Interactive periodic table INORGANIC CHEMISTRY FOURTH EDITION CATHERINE E. HOUSECROFT AND ALAN G. SHARPE PearsonEducationLimited EdinburghGate Harlow EssexCM202JE England andAssociatedCompaniesthroughouttheworld VisitusontheWorldWideWebat: www.pearson.com/uk Firstpublished2001 Secondedition2005 Thirdedition2008 Fourtheditionpublished2012 #PearsonEducationLimited2001,2012 TherightsofCatherineE.HousecroftandAlanG.Sharpetobeidentified asauthorsofthisworkhavebeenassertedbytheminaccordancewiththe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,stored inaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise,without eitherthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisheroralicencepermitting restrictedcopyingintheUnitedKingdomissuedbytheCopyright LicensingAgencyLtd,SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,London EC1N8TS. Alltrademarksusedhereinarethepropertyoftheirrespectiveowners. Theuseofanytrademarkinthistextdoesnotvestintheauthoror publisheranytrademarkownershiprightsinsuchtrademarks,nordoes theuseofsuchtrademarksimplyanyaffiliationwithorendorsementof thisbookbysuchowners. ISBN:978-0-273-74275-3 (Print) ISBN:978-0-273-74278-4 (PDF) BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-Publicationdata Housecroft,CatherineE.,1955- Inorganicchemistry/CatherineE.HousecroftandAlanG.Sharpe.--4thed. p.cm. Includesindex. ISBN978-0-273-74275-3--ISBN978-0-273-74276-0(solutionmanual) 1. Chemistry,Inorganic--Textbooks. I.Sharpe,A.G.II.Title. QD151.3.H6852012 546--dc23 2012001442 109876543 15 Typesetin10/12.5ptTimesby73 PrintedandboundbyGrafosS.A.,Artesobrepapel,Barcelona,Spain Summary of contents Guided tour xxxiv Preface tothe fourth edition xxxvii Acknowledgements xxxix 1 Basic concepts: atoms 1 2 Basic concepts: molecules 31 3 Introduction to molecular symmetry 60 4 Experimental techniques 87 5 Bonding in polyatomic molecules 139 6 Structures and energetics of metallic and ionic solids 172 7 Acids, bases and ions in aqueous solution 207 8 Reduction and oxidation 242 9 Non-aqueous media 269 10 Hydrogen 299 11 Group 1: the alkali metals 326 12 The group 2 metals 348 13 The group 13 elements 371 14 The group 14 elements 426 15 The group 15 elements 485 16 The group 16 elements 546 17 The group 17 elements 591 18 The group 18 elements 624 19 d-Block metal chemistry: general considerations 639 20 d-Block metal chemistry: coordination complexes 665 21 d-Block metal chemistry: the first row metals 716 22 d-Block metal chemistry: the heavier metals 778 23 Organometallic compounds of s- and p-block elements 848 24 Organometallic compounds of d-block elements 887 vi Summaryofcontents 25 Catalysis and some industrial processes 940 26 d-Block metal complexes: reaction mechanisms 976 27 The f-block metals: lanthanoids and actinoids 1002 28 Inorganic materials and nanotechnology 1033 29 The trace metals of life 1065 Appendices 1109 Answers to non-descriptive problems 1138 Index 1159 Contents Guided tour xxxiv Preface to the fourth edition xxxvii Acknowledgements xxxix 1 Basic concepts: atoms 1 1.1 Introduction 1 Inorganicchemistry: it is notan isolatedbranch ofchemistry 1 The aims of Chapters 1 and 2 1 1.2 Fundamental particles of an atom 1 1.3 Atomic number, mass numberand isotopes 2 Nuclides, atomic number and mass number 2 Relativeatomic mass 2 Isotopes 2 1.4 Successes inearly quantum theory 3 Some important successesof classical quantum theory 4 Bohr’s theory of the atomic spectrumof hydrogen 5 1.5 Anintroduction to wave mechanics 6 The wave-nature of electrons 6 The uncertainty principle 6 The Schro¨dingerwave equation 7 1.6 Atomic orbitals 9 The quantum numbers n, l and m 9 l The radial part ofthe wavefunction,RðrÞ 10 The radial distribution function,4(cid:2)r2RðrÞ2 11 Theangularpartofthewavefunction,Að(cid:3);(cid:4)Þ 12 Orbital energies ina hydrogen-like species 15 Sizeof orbitals 15 viii Contents The spin quantum number and the magneticspin quantum number 15 The ground stateof the hydrogen atom 17 1.7 Many-electron atoms 17 The helium atom: two electrons 17 Ground state electronicconfigurations:experimentaldata 18 Penetrationand shielding 18 1.8 The periodic table 20 1.9 The aufbau principle 22 Ground state electronicconfigurations 22 Valence and core electrons 23 Diagrammatic representationsof electronicconfigurations 24 1.10 Ionization energies and electron affinities 24 Ionization energies 24 Electronaffinities 26 2 Basic concepts: molecules 31 2.1 Bonding models: an introduction 31 Ahistorical overview 31 Lewis structures 31 2.2 Homonuclear diatomic molecules:valence bond (VB) theory 32 Uses of theterm homonuclear 32 Covalent bonddistance, covalent radius and van der Waals radius 32 The valence bond(VB)modelof bonding in H 33 2 The valence bond(VB)modelapplied toF ,O and N 34 2 2 2 2.3 Homonuclear diatomic molecules:molecular orbital (MO) theory 34 Anoverview of the MOmodel 34 Molecularorbitaltheoryapplied to thebonding inH 35 2 The bondingin He , Li and Be 37 2 2 2 The bondingin F and O 38 2 2 What happens if the s(cid:2)p separation issmall? 40 2.4 The octet rule and isoelectronic species 41 The octet rule: first row p-block elements 41 Isoelectronic species 42 The octet rule: heavier p-block elements 43 2.5 Electronegativity values 43 Pauling electronegativity values,(cid:5)P 43 Mulliken electronegativity values,(cid:5)M 45 Allred–Rochow electronegativity values,(cid:5)AR 45 Electronegativity:final remarks 45 2.6 Dipole moments 46 Polar diatomic molecules 46 Moleculardipolemoments 47 2.7 MO theory: heteronuclear diatomic molecules 48 Which orbital interactions should be considered? 48
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