Innovative Start-Ups and the Distribution of Human Capital: The Role of Regional Knowledge

177 Pages·2016·2.117 MB·English

by  Ronney Aamoucke (auth.)

Contributions to Economics
Ronney Aamoucke
Innovative
Start-Ups and
the Distribution of
Human Capital
The Role of Regional Knowledge
Contributions to Economics
More information about this series http://www.springer.com/series/1262
Ronney Aamoucke
Innovative Start-Ups and the
Distribution of Human
Capital
The Role of Regional Knowledge
RonneyAamoucke
GSBCEIC“TheEconomicsofInnovativeChange”
Jena,Germany
ISSN1431-1933 ISSN2197-7178 (electronic)
ContributionstoEconomics
ISBN978-3-319-44461-1 ISBN978-3-319-44462-8 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-44462-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016952090
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2016
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Acknowledgments
Iamdeeplyindebtedtomanypeoplewhosupportedmeduringmystudyandwork
on this thesis. First, I am extremely grateful to my supervisor, Prof. Dr. Michael
Fritsch,forprovidingmewithscientificsupport.Ibenefitedfrommanydiscussions
with colleagues as my thesis developed. I thank my colleagues at the chair of
“BusinessDynamics,Innovation,andEconomicChange,”mostespeciallyMichael
Wyrwich for his constant support and Mathias Pionthek and Moritz Z€ollner for
fruitful discussion. Moreover, I thank the supervisors of my thesis. I very much
appreciatetheengagingandencouragingdiscussionsduringmypresentationsatthe
Jena Economic Research Workshops with Prof. Dr. Uwe Cantner, doctoral stu-
dents, and postdoctoral researchers from the Graduate College “Economics of
InnovativeChange”attheFSUJena.
v
ThiSisaFMBlankPage
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Entrepreneurship. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1 TheRiseofEntrepreneurshipTheory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2 TheImpactofNewBusinessFormation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 HumanCapital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 TheRiseofHumanCapitalTheory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 TheImpactofHumanCapital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.3 HumanCapitalandNewBusinessFormation. . . . . . . . . . 10
1.3 AimandStructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 RegionalPublicResearch,HigherEducation,andInnovative
Start-Ups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2 Knowledge,InnovativeStart-Ups,andGeography. . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.2.1 Theory:InnovativeStart-UpsasKnowledgeSpillovers. . . 26
2.2.2 PreviousWorkontheGeographicDistribution
ofInnovativeStart-Ups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3 DataandDescriptiveStatistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.1 Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.3.2 TheSpatialDistributionofInnovativeStart-Ups
inGermany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4 EmpiricalApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4.1 EstimationStrategy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4.2 IndependentVariablesandExpectedResults. . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.5 Results. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 39
2.5.1 ResultsfortheBaselineModelandIndicators
forRegionalPublicResearch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.5.2 AggregationofIndicatorsforRegionalPublic
Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
vii
viii Contents
2.5.3 ExtensionsandRobustnessChecks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.6 SummaryandConclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3 FieldsofKnowledge,TypesofHigherEducationInstitutions,
andInnovativeStart-Ups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2 TheoreticalFramework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.1 KnowledgeSpilloversandInnovativeStart-Ups. . . . . . . . 52
3.2.2 CharacteristicsofDifferentScientificFields. . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.3 PreviousResearchandOpenQuestions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4 ResearchDesignandHypotheses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4.1 ClassificationofHEIsandFieldsofScientific
Knowledge. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.4.2 Expectations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.5 Data,Variables,andDescriptiveStatistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.5.1 Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.5.2 Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.6 EmpiricalApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.7 Results. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 63
3.7.1 ResultsfortheBaselineModel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.7.2 HowDoestheImpactofHEIsDifferAcross
VariousScientificFieldsandTypesofHEI?. . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.7.3 HowDoestheImpactofHEIsDifferAcross
TransmissionChannel?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.7.4 AggregationofIndicatorsforRegionalPublic
Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.7.5 TheImpactofNon-universityResearchInstitutes. . . . . . . 70
3.7.6 ExtensionsandRobustnessChecks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.8 SummaryandConclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4 QualityofLifeandtheGeographyofHumanCapital. . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2 QualityofLife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.2.1 QualityofLifeandHumanNeeds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.2.2 QualityofLifeinRegionalEconomics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.2.3 DimensionsofQualityofLifeintheLiterature. . . . . . . . . 83
4.2.4 EmpiricalImplementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.3 ElementsofQualityofLife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.3.1 MaterialWell-Being. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.3.2 Protection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.3.3 EducationandArts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.3.4 SociopoliticalDimension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.3.5 Amenities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Contents ix
4.3.6 Tolerance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.3.7 PopulationDensity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.4 EmpiricalApproach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
4.4.1 DataSourcesandDescriptiveStatistics. . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 96
4.4.2 EmpiricalDifficulties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.4.3 PathModelandStructuralEquations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.5 Results. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. 101
4.5.1 BasicResults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.5.2 Checks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.6 SummaryandConclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 119
5.1 HigherEducationandtheGeographyofInnovative
Start-Ups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5.2 QualityandGeographyofHumanCapital. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.3 LimitationsandImplicationsforFurtherResearch. . . . . . . . . . . . 123
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
AppendixA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
AppendixB:GermanSummary—Deutschsprachige
Zusammenfassung. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159