Table Of Content

Narendra Reddy · Yiqi Yang Innovative Biofi bers from Renewable Resources Innovative Biofibers from Renewable Resources ThiSisaFMBlankPage Narendra Reddy (cid:129) Yiqi Yang Innovative Biofibers from Renewable Resources NarendraReddy YiqiYang CentreforEmergingTechnologies DepartmentofTextiles,Merchandisingand JainUniversity FashionDesign Bangalore UniversityofNebraska-Lincoln India Lincoln,NE,USA ISBN978-3-662-45135-9 ISBN978-3-662-45136-6(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-662-45136-6 SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014957175 #Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2015 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionor informationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerpts inconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysisormaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurposeofbeing enteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.Duplication ofthispublicationorpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheCopyrightLawofthe Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer.PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter. ViolationsareliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Sustaining the demand for raw materials to meet the needs of future generations will be one of the most challenging tasks for human kind. In addition, complying with the increasingstringent internationalprotocolsrelatedto climate change and exploiting of natural resources will also increase the burden on the supply of raw materials and production of commodities. Future conflicts within and between nations are more likely to be on owning or sharing of natural resources rather than ideological differences or technological prowess. Meeting the three basic necessities, food, clothing, and shelter, will be a challenge to the future leaders, especially in the overpopulated and developing countries. Rapid urbanization and consequential decrease in the availability of land and other resources required for agriculturalproductionwillputtremendousburdenontheavailabilityoffood,fuel, fibers, and other basic commodities. The price and availability of fibers produced from petroleum resources that currently are predominant over natural fibers will also be in question due to depleting sources of fossil fuels. Since fuel needs have priorityoverfiberproduction,itwillbeimperativetofindalternativesourcesofraw materialsforfiberproduction. Maximizing the use of natural resources, reducing consumption, and recycling aresomeofthepossibleapproachestomeetthefuturedemandsforfibers,textiles, and other commodities. Agricultural production inevitably generates by-products (residues) such as stovers and straws that currently have limited applications. Similarly, processing of cereal grains generates coproducts containing proteins and carbohydrates that are mostly used for low-value applications such as animal feed. These agricultural by-products and coproducts could be used to produce fibers, thereby eliminating the need for dedicated fiber crops that require land, water, and other natural resources. These agricultural by-products and coproducts are renewable and biodegradable. Materials developed using these resources will therefore be more environmentally friendly than growing natural fibers or manufacturingfibersfrompetroleum.Similartodevelopingfibersfromagricultural by-products and coproducts, other sources such as nontraditional silk worms, microorganisms, and bio- and nanotechnology could be used to develop fibers andreduce/eliminatetheneedfordedicatedfibercropsorpetroleumresources. v vi Preface This book is an effort to present the potential, structure, properties, and applicationsoffibersthatarederivedfromunconventionalsources.Theinnovative biofibers described in this book are not only derived from renewable and sustain- ableresourcesbutalsodonotneedexclusiveland,water,orothernaturalresources. Althoughitwouldbequite futuristictothinkofreplacing naturalcellulosicfibers suchascotton,proteinfiberssuchassilk,andsyntheticfiberssuchaspolyester,this book provides insights into potential addition to these fibers. We hopethat textile professionalsandacademicswillfindthisbookusefulandattempttodevelopand usetheinnovativefibersinthenearfuture. Narendra Reddy expresses his sincere thanks to the University of Nebraska- Lincoln and the Center for Emerging Technologies at Jain University. Yiqi YangthanksYiqiYangthankstheUniversityofNebraska-Lincolnanditsagricul- tural research division, and the United States Department of Agriculture for their supporttocompletethiswork. Bangalore,India NarendraReddy Lincoln,Nebraska,USA YiqiYang July,2014 Contents PartI NaturalCelluloseFibersfromRenewableResources 1 IntroductiontoNaturalCelluloseFibersfromRenewable Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 NaturalCelluloseFibersfromCornStover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 3 WheatandRiceStrawFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 4 FibersfromSorghumStemsandLeaves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 5 FibersfromCottonStalks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 6 FibersfromPalmTrees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7 FibersfromBananaPseudo-Stems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 8 FibersfromSugarcaneBagasse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 9 CoconutHuskFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 10 PineappleFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 10.1 ExtractingFibersfromPineapplePlantResidues. . . . . . . . . . . 35 10.2 ProcessingofPineappleLeafFibers. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. 38 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 11 FibersfromSwitchgrass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 12 FibersfromHopStems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 vii viii Contents 13 BambooFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 14 OtherLignocellulosicSources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 PartII RegeneratedCelluloseFibers 15 IntroductiontoRegeneratedCelluloseFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 16 FiberProductionUsingAlkaliSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 17 TheNaOH/UreaSystemsofProducingRegeneratedCellulose Fibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 18 TheN-Methylmorpholine-N-Oxide(NMMO)Process ofProducingRegeneratedFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 18.1 LimitationsoftheLyocellProcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 18.1.1 FibrillationofLyocellFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 18.1.2 ToxicityoftheSolventSystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 19 ProductionofCelluloseFibersUsingIonicLiquids. . . . . . . . . . . . 73 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 20 RegeneratedCelluloseFibersfromDirectDissolution ofBiomass. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . 79 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 21 RegeneratedCelluloseFibersUsingUnconventional CellulosicSources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 22 MulticomponentSystemsforCelluloseDissolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 PartIII Chitin,Chitosan,andAlginateFibers 23 IntroductiontoChitin,Chitosan,andAlginateFibers. . . . . . . . . . 93 24 ChitinFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 25 ChitosanFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 25.1 ProductionofChitosanFibersbyDrySpinning. . . . . . . . . . . . 100 25.2 ProductionofChitosanFibersUsingIonicLiquids. . . . . . . . . . 101 Contents ix 25.3 ProductionofFibersfromModifiedand/orBlends ofChitosan. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . 103 25.4 Cross-LinkingChitosanFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 26 ApplicationsofChitosanFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 26.1 ChitosanFibersforControlledReleaseApplications. . . . . . . . . 111 26.2 ChitosanFibersasScaffoldsforTissueEngineering. . . . . . . . . 113 26.3 ChitosanFibersasSensorsandActuators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 27 HollowChitosanFibers.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 123 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 28 AlginateFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 29 Alginate–ChitosanBlendFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 30 AlginateBlendswithOtherPolysaccharides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 31 AdditivestoImprovePerformanceofAlginateFibers. . . . . . . . . . 139 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 32 AntifungalandAntiflammablePropertiesofAlginateFibers. . . . . 147 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 33 MicrofluidicSpinningofAlginateFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 PartIV NaturalProteinFibers 34 IntroductiontoNaturalProteinFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 35 StructureofSilk. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 36 Non-mulberrySilkFibers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 37 ColoredCocoonsThroughBiotechnology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 38 ArtificialBiospinningofSilkwormSilks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 39 UniqueSilkFibersfromWeaverAnts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181