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Innovations in Nephrology Breakthrough Technologies in Kidney Disease Care Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Junior Masaomi Nangaku Editors 123 Innovations in Nephrology Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Junior Masaomi Nangaku Editors Innovations in Nephrology Breakthrough Technologies in Kidney Disease Care Editors Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Junior Masaomi Nangaku School of Medicine Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology University of Fortaleza University of Tokyo School of Medicine Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil Tokyo, Japan ISBN 978-3-031-11569-1 ISBN 978-3-031-11570-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11570-7 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword Hard to describe, but easily identified; innovation is fostering the “new”—the act of effecting change into established territory and infusing it with new ideas, methods, products, and/or devices. This is quite the whittled-down definition in comparison to dozens of elaborate ones eating up unnecessary page space of dictionaries. Indeed, innovation is far from trivial, and far more impactful than a few journal entries scribbled about recent scientific breakthroughs might lead you to believe— though we personally might examine it through our academic lens, its prying ten- tacles reach out and grasp onto all of mankind’s successes and follies without discrimination. Nevertheless, we must ask; what specifically are the links between innovation and nephrology? Nephrology itself is a specialty organized upon its own major medical innovation: renal replacement therapy—the driving force behind the cre- ation and flourishing development of the field. Nephrology was, is, and will be flush with innovation, and the field itself will probably witness profound transformation over the next few decades, where a different set of treatments and approaches will undoubtedly be available among the arsenal of therapeutic options for patients, kidney doctors, and healthcare professionals. When the invitation came to pen a foreword for Innovations in Nephrology, I found myself considerably humbled. Hailing proudly from a major international publisher, the book, edited by Prof Geraldo Bezerra Silva Jr. and Prof Masaomi Nangaku, is unique in several aspects, and undoubtedly a landmark publication for the global nephrology field. The editors—both of whom academic authorities and leaders in the field, with an expansive global following—have managed to unite a fantastic and savvy team of contributors, each with their own distinct backgrounds, achievements, and credentials in the field. This wide array of contributions collected under one binding means that this book is likewise an internationally coordinated effort; renowned authors spanning over a dozen nationalities provide their concerted yet varied insight into advancements in nephrology. Innovations in Nephrology offers an arrangement of 31 independent chapters, covering concepts and ideas ranging from artificial intelligence to caregiver robots, to the internet of things, to stem cells; the reader will traverse a variety of v vi Foreword revolutionary perspectives that exhibit our modern (and encouraging) reality of nephrology. From this, a panorama is meticulously crafted, presenting the broader scope of innovation—through data, painstaking amounts of research, and even business opportunities in nephrology endeavors—in a manner made palatable to the medical community at large. Alas, a roadmap to the “new.” Perhaps something of a misquote, it is said that Henry Ford—a figurehead in the innovation of the modern automobile—claimed that, had he listened to the griev- ances of men in the era preceding vehicular domination, he would have been in the business of breeding faster horses. Indeed, the long-term necessities of the client most frequently outweigh his short-term desires, and it is this idea that functions as the primary impetus for innovation; instead of mere product or service improve- ments, we must always consider that the common man rarely has the insight to envision the “radical innovations” to come, and thus we should prepare appropri- ately by examining his necessities though a visionary lens as captains of our respec- tive fields. In this book, the reader will certainly not encounter any “faster horses.” Instead, the past, present, and future of nephrology will be reconciled through a natural evolution of innovative concepts, technological progress, and advancements in technique from a framework of scientific development. Above the constantly fluid stream of innovation, change, and progress this book will come to represent in the field of nephrology, its waters will one day inevitably yield into a stagnance of its own, completing the very cycle of innovation it pro- motes by cocooning itself into a timeless snapshot of the ideas, expectations, and (why not?) dreams of an era. After all, innovation predicates its own obsolescence. Department of Internal Medicine José A. Moura-Neto Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health Salvador, Bahia, Brazil Contents 1 From Hippocrates to Robotics: A Journey Through the History of Nephrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Junior, Gustavo Marques Fernandes Bezerra, José A. Moura-Neto, Edison Souza, José Hermógenes Rocco Suassuna, and Masaomi Nangaku 2 Genetic Engineering of the Kidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Constanca Figueiredo and Rainer Blasczyk 3 Stem Cells: Use in Nephrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Silviene Novikoff, Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara, and Patricia Semedo-Kuriki 4 Proteomics and Biomarkers for Kidney Diseases Diagnosis . . . . . . . . 69 Somkanya Tungsanga, Thana Thongsricome, Trairak Pisitkun, and Asada Leelahavanichkul 5 Single Cell Transcriptomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Yoshiharu Muto, Haikuo Li, and Benjamin D. Humphreys 6 Gut Microbiota and Chronic Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Antonio Augusto Ferreira Carioca, Suiani da Silva Sales, and Bárbara Rebeca Cordeiro de Melo 7 Artificial Food and the Future of Nutrition for Kidney Health . . . . . 115 Fabiana Baggio Nerbass and Denise Mafra 8 Novel Drugs for Kidney Diseases Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Gdayllon Cavalcante Meneses, Ranieri Sales de Souza Santos, Alice Maria Costa Martins, and Elizabeth De Francesco Daher 9 3D Printing in Nephrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Toshihiro Nonaka, Yukiko Nagaishi, Daiki Murata, Hideo Hara, and Koichi Nakayama vii viii Contents 10 Kidney-on-a-Chip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Jonathan Himmelfarb, Masatomo Chikamori, and Hiroshi Kimura 11 Innovations in Maintenance Dialysis Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 José A. Moura-Neto, Jyoti Baharani, Sudhir Bowry, Carsten Hornig, Christian Apel, Arduino Arduini, José Carolino Divino-Filho, and Bernard Canaud 12 Dialysis for Business and Society: From a Shareholder to a Stakeholder Perspective in Dialysis Units Management . . . . . . . . . . . 191 José A. Moura-Neto 13 Generation of Whole Kidney and Other Possible Strategies to Renal Replacement Therapy in the Future . . . . . . . . . . 201 Shuichiro Yamanaka and Takashi Yokoo 14 Bioartificial Kidneys, Renal Epithelial Cell Systems, and Biomimetic Membrane Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Christopher J. Pino and H. David Humes 15 Artificial Intelligence in Nephrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Artur Quintiliano Bezerra da Silva, Jose Bruno de Almeida, and Gianna Mastroianni Kirsztajn 16 PathoSpotter: Computational Intelligence Applied to Nephropathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Luciano Oliveira, Paulo Chagas, Angelo Duarte, Rodrigo Calumby, Emanuele Santos, Michele Angelo, and Washington dos Santos 17 Internet of Things and Wearables for Kidney Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Wendley Souza da Silva, Leila Maria Rodrigues de Sousa, Gustavo Marques Fernandes Bezerra, Leonardo Pontes Andrade, and Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Junior 18 Conversational Assistants and their Applications in Health and Nephrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Elizabeth Sucupira Furtado, Francisco Oliveira, and Vládia Pinheiro 19 Mobile Health in Nephrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Christielle Lidianne Alencar Marinho, Orlando Vieira Gomes, Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Junior, Juliana Gomes Ramalho de Oliveira, and Paulo Adriano Schwingel 20 Telenephrology: A Resource for Universalizing Access to Kidney Care, Perspectives from Latin America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Carlos Zúñiga-San Martín 21 Innovations in Intensive Care Nephrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 Prit Kusirisin, Piyanut Kaewdoungtien, Peerapat Thanapongsatorn, Sadudee Peerapornratana, and Nattachai Srisawat Contents ix 22 Innovations in Kidney Transplantation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 Tainá Veras de Sandes-Freitas, Renato Labanca Delgado Perdigão, Andressa dos Santos Portas, Aline Rios Freitas de Almeida, and Helady Sanders-Pinheiro 23 Development and Implementation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Donor Organ Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Shani S. Kamberi, Samuel J. Gavzy, Nicole Shockcor, and Joseph R. Scalea 24 Implementation and Development of a Robotic Surgery Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Gisele Maia Jünger and José Eduardo Fernandes Távora 25 Robotics and the Avant-Garde Role of Urologic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . 399 Tomás Bernardo Costa Moretti, Ricardo Miyaoka, and Wilmar Azal Neto 26 Caregiver Robots in Nephrology: Is It Feasible? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 Maria Lúcia do Carmo Cruz Robazzi, Ana Carolina Queiroz Godoy Daniel, Cassandra Alves de Oliveira Silva, Ciro Gatti Cirillo, Eugenia Velludo Veiga, Joel Paulo Russomano Veiga, Leidiane Miranda Sacramento, Liliana Amorim Alves Scandiuzi, Maria Adelaide Silva Paredes Moreira, Mayara Rocha Siqueira Sudré, and Rosalina Aparecida Partezani Rodrigues 27 Preclinical Randomized Controlled Trials in Nephrology . . . . . . . . . 453 Yutian Lei and Hans-Joachim Anders 28 Alternative Clinical Trial Designs for Nephrology Research . . . . . . . 461 Neeru Agarwal, Murilo Guedes, Roberto Pecoits-Filho, and Meg Jardine 29 Consumer Involvement in Research and Decision-Making in Nephrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493 Nicole Scholes-Robertson, Talia Gutman, Chandana Guha, Adeera Levin, Daniel Gallego, Kelly Malheiros, and Allison Tong 30 Social Media and Interaction Between Healthcare Professionals and the Kidney Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 Rolando Claure-Del Granado, Fernanda Arce-Amaré, Edgar V. Lerma, and Jonathan Chávez-Iñiguez 31 Innovations in Nephrology Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 Augusto Cesar Soares dos Santos Junior and Daniel Costa Chalabi Calazans Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 Chapter 1 From Hippocrates to Robotics: A Journey Through the History of Nephrology Geraldo Bezerra da Silva Junior, Gustavo Marques Fernandes Bezerra, José A. Moura-Neto, Edison Souza, José Hermógenes Rocco Suassuna, and Masaomi Nangaku 1.1 Introduction The term nephrology comes from the Greek “nephrós” (kidney) + “logos” (lan- guage, word), meaning “study of the kidneys,” of their physiology and diseases. The history of nephrology is entwined with the history of modern medicine [1]. It is a relatively new medical specialty, having been considered for the first time as a dis- cipline in the 1950s, with an initial focus on the pathophysiology and electrolyte disturbance therapy [1]. In this chapter, we present some historical landmarks of nephrology, its trajectory in the world, from ancient times to the advent of robotics, highlighting some perspectives for the future, as this book will present the main innovations that have been applied to nephrology and which has the potential to be a reality in the near future. G. B. da Silva Junior (*) · G. M. F. Bezerra School of Medicine, University of Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] J. A. Moura-Neto Bahiana School of Medicine and Public Health, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil E. Souza School of Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil e-mail: [email protected] J. H. R. Suassuna School of Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil National Academy of Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil M. Nangaku Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan e-mail: [email protected] © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 1 Switzerland AG 2022 G. Bezerra da Silva Junior, M. Nangaku (eds.), Innovations in Nephrology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11570-7_1