Innovations in Green Urbanization and Alternative Renewable Energy PDF
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Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development Federica Rosso · Donato Morea · Didit Okta Pribadi Editors Innovations in Green Urbanization and Alternative Renewable Energy Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development Editorial Board Anna Laura Pisello, Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Italy Dean Hawkes, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK Hocine Bougdah, University for the Creative Arts, Farnham, UK Federica Rosso, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Hassan Abdalla, University of East London, London, UK Sofia-Natalia Boemi, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece Nabil Mohareb, Faculty of Architecture - Design and Built Environment, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon Saleh Mesbah Elkaffas, Arab Academy for Science, Technology, Egypt Emmanuel Bozonnet, University of la Rochelle, La Rochelle, France Gloria Pignatta, University of Perugia, Italy Yasser Mahgoub, Qatar University, Qatar Luciano De Bonis, University of Molise, Italy Stella Kostopoulou, Regional and Tourism Development, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece Biswajeet Pradhan, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia Md. Abdul Mannan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia Chaham Alalouch, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman Iman O. Gawad, Helwan University, Egypt Anand Nayyar , Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam Series Editor Mourad Amer, International Experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange (IEREK), Cairo, Egypt Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (ASTI) is a series of peer-reviewed books based on important emerging research that redefines the current disciplinary boundaries in science, technology and innovation (STI) in order to develop integrated concepts for sustainable development. It not only discusses the progress made towards securing more resources, allocating smarter solutions, and rebalancing the relationship between nature and people, but also provides in-depth insights from comprehensive research that addresses the 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) as set out by the UN for 2030. The series draws on the best research papers from various IEREK and other international conferences to promote the creation and development of viable solutions for a sustainable future and a positive societal transformation with the help of integrated and innovative science-based approaches. Including interdisciplinary contributions, it presents innovative approaches and highlights how they can best support both economic and sustainable development, through better use of data, more effective institutions, and global, local and individual action, for the welfare of all societies. The series particularly features conceptual and empirical contributions from various interrelated fields of science, technology and innovation, with an emphasis on digital transformation,thatfocusonprovidingpracticalsolutionstoensurefood,waterandenergy securitytoachievetheSDGs.Italsopresentsnewcasestudiesofferingconcreteexamplesof how to resolve sustainable urbanization and environmental issues in different regions of the world. Theseriesisintendedforprofessionalsinresearchandteaching,consultanciesandindustry, and government and international organizations. Published in collaboration with IEREK, the Springer ASTI series will acquaint readers with essential new studies in STI for sustainable development. ASTI series has now been accepted for Scopus (September 2020). All content published in this series will start appearing on the Scopus site in early 2021. Federica Rosso (cid:129) Donato Morea (cid:129) Didit Okta Pribadi Editors Innovations in Green Urbanization and Alternative Renewable Energy 123 Editors Federica Rosso Donato Morea Department ofCivil, Construction Department ofMechanical andEnvironmental Engineering Chemical andMaterials Engineering Sapienza University of Rome University of Cagliari Rome, Italy Cagliari, Italy Didit OktaPribadi Research Centerfor Plant ConservationandBotanic Gardens IndonesianInstitute ofSciences Bali,Indonesia ISSN 2522-8714 ISSN 2522-8722 (electronic) Advances in Science, Technology &Innovation IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development ISBN978-3-031-07380-9 ISBN978-3-031-07381-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07381-6 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageand retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafter developed. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelieved tobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty, expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland fi Scienti c Committee Adriana Ciardiello, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Asfaw Mohamed Ibrahim, Hawassa University, Ethiopia Chao Xu, Dongguan University of Technology, China Chiara Acciarini, Luiss University of Rome, Italy Didit Okta Pribadi, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Indonesia Donato Morea, University of Cagliari, Italy Federica Rosso, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Fernando Borelli, Luiss University of Rome, Italy Fikri Zul Fahmi, Bandung Institute of Technologt (ITB), Indonesia Francesco Cappa, Campus Bio-Medico University & LUISS Guido Carli University, Italy Fuad Nurdiansyah, Jambi University, Indonesia Galuh Syahbana Indraprahasta, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Indonesia Rico Hübner, Technical University of Munich, Germany Rieke Hansen, Geisenheim University, Germany Simona Fortunati, University of Tuscia, Italy Simona Mannucci, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Siti Nurisyah, Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB), Indonesia Stefano Elia, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy Stefano Franco, LUISS Guido Carli University, Italy Stephan Pauleit, Technical University of Munich, Germany Viviana D’Angelo, LUISS Guido Carli University, Italy Werner Rolf, Technical University of Munich, Germany Yared Girma, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia v Preface Nowadays, energy consumptions and related emissions in the field of building and con- structionshavebeenprovedtohaveanimportantrolewithrespecttoglobalconsumptionsand emissions(IEA2021).Thisisespeciallyrelevantinurbanareas,whereemissionsfromtraffic and energy usage in buildings are particularly strong. In 2018, the building sector accounted for the 28% of the total energy-related CO emissions (IEA 2019), demonstrating its crucial 2 role in the energy quest for a low carbon environment. Such a role requires that strategies towardsthemitigationofenergyconsumptionsandrelatedemissionsinthebuiltenvironment are encouraged, studied, developed and monitored. Even the Sustainable DevelopmentGoals(SDGs) (UN 2015),whichare atthe core ofthe 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015,callforactiontosolveGrandChallenges,suchasclimatechangeandglobalhealthand wellbeing.Inthisview,thequestforalternativeandrenewableenergyishighlightedascrucial inmore than one SDG.In greater detail,Goal 7isfocusedon“ensuringaccess toaffordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all”, as almost one third of the world population use dangerous and inefficient energy sources, while millions lack access to electricity. Therefore,asmodernrenewableenergyandenergyefficiencyareamongthesuggestedmeans toreachthisgoal.Othergoals,wherethequestforalternativeandrenewableenergyiscrucial, among other strategies, are Goal 11, which calls for “inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable cities and human settlements”; and Goal 13, which urges to “take action to combat climate change and its impacts”. Green solutions for resilient and more just cities are among the possible solutions for achieving Goal 7, 11 and 13. Theherepresentedbookrespondstothecall,bycontributingtoadvancethestate-of-the-art in the field of energy in the built environment and more resilient cities. The book gathers the mostrelevantcontributionsderivingfromtheAREQConference,“AlternativeandRenewable Energy Quest” Conference and the GU “Green Urbanism” Conference, as the two topics are deeplyentangled.Thesectionsofthebookareorganizedwithrespecttospecifictopics.First, strategies for future cities are illustrated. In this section, circular and green strategies for constructionsandurbanplanning,aswellassmartcitiesarediscussed.Then,inPart2,green urbanism is specifically targeted: resilient public spaces, transportation policies, strategic and environmentally-consciousplanningareanalyzed.Finally,inPart3,aspecificfocusonenergy solutionsisachieved.Renewables,energyrecoveryandpassivestrategiesforreducingenergy consumptions are analyzed and discussed. Thus,thisvolumeprovidesvaluableinsightswithrespecttodifferentstrategies,atdifferent scales, towards the quest for alternative and renewable energy strategies. The content of this book could be of interest for policymakers, professionals in the field of energy and built environment,aswellasresearchersworkinginthefieldofurbanplanning,urbanandbuilding energy solutions. Rome, Italy Federica Rosso, Ph.D. Chair of AREQ 2020 Editor of ASTI Springer vii viii Preface References IEAInternationalEnergyAgency,WorldEnergyOutlook2021—revisedversionOctober2021,2021. IEAInternationalEnergyAgency,PerspectivesforCleanEnergyTransition.TheCriticalRoleofBuildings., 2019. UnitedNations,UnitedNations(2015),Transformingourworld:the2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment, (n.d.). https://sdgs.un.org/publications/transforming-our-world-2030-agenda-sustainable-development-17981 (accessedJanuary22,2021). Acknowledgements Wewouldliketothanktheauthorsoftheresearchpapersthatwereselectedforadditiontothis book. We would also like to thank the reviewers who contributed with their knowledge and constructive feedback in hopes of ensuring the manuscript is of the best quality possible. A special thank goes to the Editors of this book for their foresight in organizing this volume and diligence in doing a professional job in editing it. Finally, we would like to express our appreciation to the IEREK team for supporting the publication of the best research papers submitted to the conference. ix Introduction Cities have become key areas in achieving sustainability as they contain almost 60% of the world population (Cox 2021) and play a major role in the global economic growth (Acuto, et al. 2018; World Bank 2020). Both have led to enlarging ecological footprint as well as waste and emission production (Acutoetal.2018; Zinkernagel, etal.2018), which gradually change the global landscape in terms of economy, social and environment. Increasing pop- ulation coupled with economic prosperity has pushed urbanites’ consumption of natural resources and waste disposal to nature. Through the time, cities’ growth that increasingly threatenedtheenvironmenthasrisenaconcernaboutsustainability.Collapsinganycityinthe worldwillbringseriousimpactsonlifeascitiesareconnectedgloballyandbecominghubsof regionalandlocalsocioeconomicnetwork.Itcanbeunderstoodthatcurrentlysustainablecity has been established as one of the SDG’s (Sustainable Development Goals) targets. Fortunately, cities are places where knowledge and innovation are developed (Adler & Florida 2021). Many universities, research centres, companies and high-rank government are locatedhereandcommonlytheyhavehigherfinancialsupportaswellassufficientauthorityto make apolicydecision. Itisexpectedthatnewconcepts,knowledge andtechnologies canbe developedandimplemented incitiestocopewithvarioussustainability issues. Thisbecomes greatchallenges forscholars,academician, evenpractitioners indeveloping urbandesignand planning to meet the SDG’s target of sustainable cities. Thisbookisoneoftheeffortstodevelopalternativesforaddressingsustainabilityissuesin cities from different parts of the world. We can learn from the experiences of different cities which are facing different challenges due to their specific characteristics in geographics, environment, histories, economics, social and cultures. Their responses to global issues such asclimatechanges,riskdisaster,etc.aredifferent,thus wecanlearnfromeachothertobuild collaborative works that have considered the connectivity of global-regional-local initiatives and actions. This book is divided into three different parts. The first part is given a title “Green and Urban Planning for Future Cities” and this contains five chapters. These chapters discussed new approaches to achieve sustainability through building design, land use planning and autonomoustechnologydevelopment.Thefirsttwochaptersdiscussedaboutthedevelopment of eco-buildingor green building. The first chapterexplained initiatives for developing green buildings in Bangladesh that mainly done in the tourism sector. This sector is deemed as a suitable sector as such kind of building can increase hospitality and attract tourists from abroad. While the second chapter developed indicators and sub-indicators of public building zone considering the circular economy concept. The next chapter discussed about zoning policyinthepast,whichcontributedtoretainingmorecomplicatedurbanizationbygreenzone establishment.Thus,takingnecessaryactionstoestablishgreenspacesatpresentiscrucialfor thefuturecitydevelopment.Thefourthchapterdiscussedaboutfuturetechnologies,especially autonomous vehicles, that imply to the changes of urban form and urban planning. Unreadinesstofacetechnologicaltransformationwillhampertheirapplicationinthecity.The last chapter explained about urban transportation where converting car-oriented development xi
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