Table Of Content

Innovation in TBM Traffic Tunnels TunnelBoringMachine(TBM)constructedtunnelsarewidespread,andcandeliversignifi- cantenvironmentalandcostbenefits.However,asnotedinthenoteworthyexamplesofTBM traffic tunnels presented in this book, there are still important challenges associated with them,linkedinparticulartostructuralsafetyintheeventofearthquakes,aswellascostand safetyissuesduringoperation. Tofacethesechallenges, InnovationinTBMTrafficTunnelspresentsthreeinnovative concepts in the field of construction ofTBM rail and road tunnels: theTISB concept that improvesthestructuralsafetyofthosebuiltonsoftsoilinseismicareas,andtheTMGand TMF concepts, for rail and road tunnels, respectively, that allow for significant reduction of their cost and the improvement of safety during operation. Examples of the application of these new concepts in the conceptual design of specific tunnel cases are presented and comparedwithsolutionsbasedoncommonapproaches,demonstratingtheadditionalbenefits oftheseconcepts.ThebookalsodrawsattentiontootherinnovationsinTBMtunnellingthat may improve the construction of tunnels in the future, especially when using the concepts mentionedabove. Innovation in TBM Traffic Tunnels is aimed at professionals involved in the plan- ning, design, andconstructionoftunnelsfortransportinfrastructure, includingauthorities, consultantsandconstructioncompanies,worldwide. Innovation in TBM Traffic Tunnels Silvino Pompeu-Santos Designedcoverimage:CourtesyDragagesHongKongLimited,amemberofBouygues Construction Firstpublished2022 byCRCPress/Balkema 4ParkSquare,MiltonPark/Abingdon,Oxon,OX144RN e-mail:[email protected] www.routledge.com–www.taylorandfrancis.com CRCPress/BalkemaisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness ©2022SilvinoPompeu-Santos TherightofSilvinoPompeu-Santostobeidentifiedasauthorofthisworkhasbeen assertedinaccordancewithsections77and78oftheCopyright,Designsand PatentsAct1988. Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedorreproducedorutilised inanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orothermeans,nowknownor hereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformation storageorretrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers. Althoughallcareistakentoensureintegrityandthequalityofthispublicationand theinformationherein,noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublishersnortheauthor foranydamagetothepropertyorpersonsasaresultofoperationoruseofthis publicationand/ortheinformationcontainedherein. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Acatalogrecordhasbeenrequestedforthisbook ISBN:978-0-367-70163-5(hbk) ISBN:978-0-367-70164-2(pbk) ISBN:978-1-003-14486-1(ebk) DOI:10.1201/9781003144861 TypesetinTimesNewRoman byMPSLimited,Chennai,India Dedication Tomygranddaughters,SaraandClara, andmygrandson,David Table of contents Dedication v AbouttheAuthor xiii Ackowledgments xv Foreword xvii Introduction 1 Chapter1 Theworldoftunnelling 3 Abstract 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Briefhistoryoftunnelling 3 1.3 Purposeoftunnels 12 1.4 Tunnelconstructiontechniques 13 1.4.1 General 13 1.4.2 Cut-and-covertunnels 14 1.4.3 Sequentialexcavationtunnels 16 1.4.4 Immersedtunnels 17 1.4.5 Bored(TBM)tunnels 19 1.5 Landmarksintunnelconstruction 20 1.6 Conclusions 20 References 21 Chapter2 TBMtunnels 23 Abstract 23 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 DevelopmentoftheTBMs 24 2.3 ConstructionoftunnelswithTBMs 26 2.4 TypesofTBMs 30 2.4.1 General 30 2.4.2 HardrockTBMs 31 2.4.3 SoftorfracturedrockTBMs 32 2.4.4 SoftgroundTBMs 34 2.4.5 HeterogeneousgroundTBMs 37 2.4.6 TBMsforurbanandnearsurfacetunnelling 40 2.4.7 TBMsforunderseatunnels 40 2.5 TheracefortheMegaTBMs 41 2.6 ThicknessoftheprecastsegmentsofTBMtunnels 42 2.7 Efficiencyindexofthecross-sectionofTBMroadtunnels 43 vii viii Tableofcontents 2.8 ConstructioncostsofTBMrailwayandroadtunnels 43 2.9 Conclusions 45 References 45 Chapter3 Safetyoftraffictunnels 47 Abstract 47 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Safetyofrailwaytunnels 48 3.3 Safetyofroadtunnels 48 3.4 Cross-sectionofrailwaytunnels 49 3.5 Cross-sectionofroadtunnels 50 3.6 Emergencyexits 51 3.7 Ventilationsystems 53 3.8 Firefightingsystems 55 3.8.1 General 55 3.8.2 FixedFireFightingSystems 56 3.9 Safetyinoperation 58 3.10 Conclusions 59 References 60 Chapter4 CurrentconceptsinTBMtraffictunnelsand noteworthyexamples 61 Abstract 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 TBMrailwaytunnels 62 4.2.1 CurrentconceptsinTBMrailwaytunnels 62 4.2.2 Three-tubetunnelswithtwosingle-tracktubes 63 4.2.3 Dual-tubetunnelswithsingle-tracktubes 66 4.2.4 Mono-tubetunnelswithtwosingle-trackgalleries 72 4.3 TBMroadtunnels 75 4.3.1 CurrentconceptsinTBMroadtunnels 75 4.3.2 Dual-tubeunidirectionaltunnels 76 4.3.3 Mono-tubedouble-deckunidirectionaltunnels 84 4.4 Conclusions 97 References 99 Chapter5 TheTISB,TMGandTMFconcepts 101 Abstract 101 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 MainchallengesinTBMtraffictunnels 101 5.2.1 TBMtunnelsinsoftgroundinseismicareas 101 5.2.2 TunnelconceptsandsafetyinoperationofTBMtraffictunnels 102 5.3 TheTISB,TMGandTMFconcepts 104 5.3.1 TheTISBconcept 104 5.3.2 TheTMGconcept 105 5.3.3 TheTMFconcept 107 Tableofcontents ix 5.4 TunnellingbasedonTISB,TMGandTMFconcepts 109 5.4.1 Tunnelcross-sectionallayout 109 5.4.2 Innerdiameteroftunnels 111 5.4.3 Accessrampsofroadtunnels 113 5.4.4 Structuralverifications 114 5.4.5 Executionoftrafficgalleriesinsidethetunnels 116 5.4.6 Connectionsofcast-in-situelementstothetunnelwall 119 5.4.7 Executionofverticalaccessgalleries 119 5.4.8 Technicalsystems 123 5.4.9 Safetyinoperation 126 5.5 Conclusions 129 References 131 Chapter6 RehabilitationofaTBMtunnelonsoftgroundina seismicareabasedontheTISBconcept 133 Abstract 133 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Characteristicsofthetunnel 133 6.3 Theincident 136 6.4 Therehabilitationprocess 136 6.5 AlternativesolutionbasedontheTISBconcept 137 6.6 Structuralverifications 140 6.6.1 Staticbehaviour 140 6.6.2 Seismicbehaviour 141 6.7 Conclusions 144 References 145 Chapter7 TBMtunnelsforhigh-speedrailwaylines(HSRL) basedonthe TMGconcept 147 Abstract 147 7.1 Introduction 147 7.2 TBMtunnelconceptsinHSRL 148 7.3 TBMtunnelsforHSRLbasedonthe TMGconcept 150 7.3.1 General 150 7.3.2 Lay-outofthetunnels 150 7.3.3 Technicalsystems 154 7.3.4 Safetyinoperation 155 7.3.5 Costs 156 7.4 ApplicationinarailwaytunnelattheHSRLLisbon-Porto 156 7.5 Conclusions 159 References 160 Chapter8 TBMtunnelsolutionforaroadcrossingonsoftground inaseismicareabasedonthe TISBandTMFconcepts 161 Abstract 161 8.1 Introduction 161