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INNOVATION IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT This book deals with how to measure innovation in crisis management, drawing on data, case studies, and lessons learnt from diferent European countries. The aim of this book is to tackle innovation in crisis management through lessons learnt and experiences gained from the implementation of mixed methods through a practitioner- driven approach in a large-scale demonstration project (DRIVER+). It explores innovation from the perspective of the end-users by focusing on the needs and problems they are trying to address through a tool (be it an app, a drone, or a training program) and takes a deep dive into what is needed to understand if and to what extent the tool they have in mind can really bring innovation. This book is a toolkit for readers interested in understanding what needs to be in place to measure innovation: it provides the know-how through examples and best practices. The book will be a valuable source of knowledge for scientists, practitioners, researchers, and postgraduate students studying safety, crisis management, and innovation. Chiara Fonio is Research Associate at the Vrije Universiteit (VU, Amsterdam), Faculty of Social Sciences, Organization Sciences. She has been working in academia and European institutions (Joint Research Centre, European Commission, where the work on the trial guidance methodology was designed and developed). She has extensive experience in European-funded projects and authored a number of publications on crisis management and surveillance (including, among others, Big Data, Surveillance, and Crisis Management, co-edited with Kees Boersma, 2017). Her research interests cover disaster governance, crisis management and surveillance studies. Adam Widera is Managing Director of the Competence Center for Crisis Management at the European Research Center for Information Systems (ERCIS), hosted by the University of Münster, Germany. After graduating in political science, philosophy, and political economy, he pursued his doctorate in information systems. His research areas cover modelling, simulation and performance measurement in humanitarian and disaster relief logistics and design and evaluation of information systems for humanitarians. He has published over 50 research papers in international journals and conferences and has been involved in various international research projects. Tomasz Zwęgliński is Colonel of the Polish State Fire Service working as an academic at the Main School of Fire Service in Warsaw, with above 20 years of experience. He has a PhD in security sciences and a master’s in fre engineering, is a qualifed expert in the Union Civil Protection Mechanism, and is an expert in crisis and disaster management, CBRN, and occupational safety. He is also a manager of research and international civil protection capacity-building projects (e.g. in Ukraine). His key research interest focuses on the evaluation of disaster management exercises, including new solutions. EU Research Executive Agency expert. His recent publications include Exercising in a Radioactive Environment–a Case Study from CBRNE Exercise in Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (2019), Cascading Efect as a Contemporary Challenge for Crisis Management (2020), and Polish Approach to Sharing Resources Deployable for the EU Civil Protection Mechanism (2021). Routledge Studies in Science, Technology and Society The Cultural Authority of Science Comparing across Europe, Asia, Africa and the Americas Edited by Martin W Bauer, Petra Pansegrau, Rajesh Shukla Blockchain and Web 3.0 Social, Economic, and Technological Challenges Edited by Massimo Ragnedda and Giuseppe Destefanis Understanding Digital Events Bergson, Whitehead, and the Experience of the Digital Edited by David Kreps Big Data – A New Medium? Edited by Natasha Lushetich The Policies and Politics of Interdisciplinary Research Nanomedicine in France and in the United States Séverine Louvel Apocalyptic Narratives Science, Risk and Prophecy Hauke Riesch Distributed Perception Resonances and Axiologies Edited by Natasha Lushetich and Iain Campbell Questing Excellence in Academia A Tale of Two Universities Knut H. Sørensen and Sharon Traweek Public Communication of Research Universities ‘Arms Race’ for Visibility or Science Substance? Edited by Marta Entradas and Martin W. Bauer Innovation in Crisis Management Edited by Chiara Fonio, Adam Widera and Tomasz Zwęgliński For the full list of books in the series: www.routledge.com/Routledge-Studies- in-Science-Technology-and-Society/book-series/SE0054 INNOVATION IN CRISIS MANAGEMENT Edited by Chiara Fonio, Adam Widera and Tomasz Zwęgliński Cover image: © Henry Browne First published 2023 by Routledge 4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2023 selection and editorial matter, Chiara Fonio, Adam Widera and Tomasz Zwęgliński; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Chiara Fonio, Adam Widera and Tomasz Zwęgliński to be identifed as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifcation and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Fonio, Chiara, editor. | Widera, Adam, editor. | Zwęgliński, Tomasz, editor. Title: Innovation in crisis management / edited by Chiara Fonio, Adam Widera, Tomasz Zwęgliński. Description: New York, NY: Routledge, 2023. | Series: Routledge studies in science, technology and society | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifers: LCCN 2022038497 (print) | LCCN 2022038498 (ebook) | ISBN 9781032189154 (paperback) | ISBN 9781032189178 (hardback) | ISBN 9781003256977 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Technological innovations–Economic aspects. | Industrial management–Technological innovations. | Crisis management. Classifcation: LCC HC79.T4 I546554 2023 (print) | LCC HC79.T4 (ebook) | DDC 338/.064–dc23/eng/20220811 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022038497 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022038498 ISBN: 978-1-032-18917-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-1-032-18915-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-003-25697-7 (ebk) DOI: 10.4324/9781003256977 Typeset in Bembo by Apex CoVantage, LLC CONTENTS List of Figures viii List of Tables xi List of Contributors xii Acknowledgements xx Foreword xxi Marcel van Berlo List of Abbreviations xxiii Introduction 1 Chiara Fonio, Adam Widera, and Tomasz Zwęgliński PART 1 Current and New Methodological Approaches to Assess Innovation in CM 5 1 Measuring Innovation: The Current State of the Art 7 Chiara Fonio, Adam Widera, and Funda Atun 2 The Trial Guidance Methodology 25 Chiara Fonio and Adam Widera PART 2 Technical Infrastructures to Assess Potentially Innovative Solutions 51 3 Testbed Technical Infrastructure 53 Erik Vullings, Martijn Hendriks, and Steven van Campen vi Contents 4 DRIVER+ Online Knowledge Management and Inference Toolset 85 Dražen Ignjatović, Georg Neubauer, Denis Havlik, and Todor Tagarev PART 3 Implementation and Evaluation of Innovative Solutions in Crisis Management 105 SUB-PART 3.1 Trials Perspective 107 5 The Trial in the Netherlands 109 Konstanze Lechner and Carsten Dalaf 6 The Trial in Austria: Testing New Technologies for Increasing Situational Awareness and the Management of Spontaneous Volunteers 129 Camilo Palacio Ramirez 7 New Approach to Selection of Innovative Solutions Tailored to the Practitioners’ Needs 151 Marcin Smolarkiewicz, Tomasz Zwęgliński, and Paweł Ogrodnik SUB-PART 3.2 Simulation as Decision Support 171 8 Dynamic Flood Modelling in Disaster Response 173 Tomasz Zwęgliński, Cor-Jan Vermeulen, Marcin Smolarkiewicz, Anna Foks-Ryznar, Karolina Bralewska, and Bernard Wiśniewski 9 On the Practitioner-Driven Use and Misuse of Simulation as Decision Support: Lessons from a Mass Evacuation Trial 198 Adam Widera, Michael Middelhof, Niclas Rotering, Claas Cassens, and Bernd Hellingrath SUB-PART 3.3 Situation Awareness Approaches 213 10 Three-Dimensional Model and Orthophotomap’s Quality Evaluation Towards Facilitating Aerial Reconnaissance of Flood Response Needs 215 Tomasz Zwęgliński and Marcin Smolarkiewicz Contents vii 11 A Multimodal Remote Sensing System for Improved Decision-Making in Earthquake Response 234 Elisa Schröter, Gunnar Schwoch, Christian Niermann, Veronika Gstaiger, and Nina Merkle PART 4 Towards a Paradigm Shift in Assessing Innovative CM Solutions 255 12 TGM Application in a Horizon Project 257 Jonathan Hall 13 Applying the Trial Guidance Methodology to Evaluate ResponDrone: A Situation Awareness Platform for First Responders 266 Max Friedrich, Joonas Lieb, Richard van Oorschot, and Alexander Scharnweber 14 STADEM: An Adapted Trial Guidance Methodology (TGM) for Pandemic Management 282 Michael Middelhof, Adam Widera, Georg Neubauer, Dražen Ignjatović, and Bernd Hellingrath 15 Interoperability and Standardisation Supporting Preparedness and Response to Disasters 291 Angelos J. Amditis, Eleftherios Ouzounoglou, Panagiotis Michalis, Fay Misichroni, Leonidas Perlepes, and Evangelos Sdongos Conclusions 304 Chiara Fonio, Adam Widera, and Tomasz Zwęgliński Annex 306 Index 329 FIGURES 1.1 SLR Flow Diagram according to PRISMA. 13 1.2 Data gathering procedure. 14 1.3 Split of interrogative words in research questions. 16 1.4 Overview of experimental planning. 17 1.5 Research methods. 18 1.6 Objectives of experiments, exercises, simulations, and trials. 19 1.7 Metric and key performance indicators. 20 1.8 Data collection. 20 1.9 Data analysis methods. 21 1.10 Ethical procedures. 22 1.11 Utilising the SLR results as a knowledge base. 22 2.1 The trial guidance methodology cycle. 30 2.2 Three main performance measurement dimensions. 35 3.1 A simple setup of the testbed and its users. 55 3.2 A medium-sized setup of the testbed and its users. 56 3.3 All components of the testbed and their users. 56 3.4 Part of the data exchange diagram depicting LCMS and CrisisSuite connected to the CIS, including the data exchanges between these systems. 60 3.5 Screenshot of Merlin Software’s CrisisSuite that was synchronised with LCMS to display plot information concerning the fooded area and suggested evacuation routes. In addition to this synchronised information, organisation-specifc information (like locations of interest) is also shown. 60 3.6 Data exchange diagram for this use-case of one operational COP-tool, an evacuation solution and four simulators. 65 Figures ix 3.7 Preparing an inject in the TMT, in this case a map overlay indicating the incident area. 69 3.8 During the execution of a trial, the moving vertical line indicates the current time. 69 3.9 The time service features its own clock and calendar, displaying the simulation time. 70 3.10 The admin tool displays the active solutions and simulators, as well as the error log. 71 3.11 Main view of the AAR: it displays messages on a timeline and in a list, and you can inspect the selected message. 72 3.12 Reporting view in the AAR: the exchange of messages can be reviewed in detail. 72 3.13 Observer interface where the observer can enter his or her observations. 73 3.14 Example of a data exchange diagram created for DRIVER+ Trial the Netherlands. 80 3.15 The testbed receives information from the 3D platform (e.g. entity positions and state), and it can send messages back too, like simulating an explosion and creating victims. 84 4.1 Classifcation of crisis management solutions. A tree structure of crisis management solutions illustrates the proposed structure for classifying solutions. 87 4.2 The gaps explorer user interface. 90 4.3 PoS solutions overview. 91 4.4 PoS search functions example. 92 4.5 Trial phases with corresponding steps as depicted in the TGT. 93 4.6 Validation in TGT – missing input (left), correct input (right). 94 4.7 Contextual help. 95 4.8 DRIVER+ trials in TGT. 96 4.9 Solution description workfow. 97 4.10 The portfolio of solutions structure diagram. A tree structure to illustrate the relationships between entities in the PoS. 98 5.1 Screenshot of solution 3Di. 114 5.2 Screenshot of module KeepOperational (solution Airborne and Terrestrial Situational Awareness). 114 5.3 Screenshot of module ZKI (solution Airborne and Terrestrial Situational Awareness). 116 5.4 CrisisSuite structure enabling organisations to successfully manage information during a crisis. 117 5.5 Screenshot of solution HumLog. 118 5.6 Screenshot of solution Sim Safe. 119 5.7 Trial organisation perception. 126 6.1 Trial structure. 135