Inland Flood Hazards: Human, Riparian, and Aquatic Communities PDF
Preview Inland Flood Hazards: Human, Riparian, and Aquatic Communities
INLAND FLOOD HAZARDS This edited volume presents a comprehensive review of issues related to in- land flood hazards. The volume addresses physical controls on flooding, flood processes and effects, and responses to flooding from the perspective of human, aquatic, and riparian communities. It is a thoroughly interdisciplinary treat- ment, drawing on the expertise of atmospheric scientists, biologists, botanists, civil engineers, geographers, geologists, and hydrologists. Individual chapter authors are recognized experts in their fields, who draw on examples and case studies of inland flood hazards from around the world. As flood-related damages to human communities and river ecosystems con- tinue to increase, the type of review discussions presented in this volume become of increasing importance to our efforts to mitigate flood hazards. This volume is unique among treatments of flood hazards in that it addresses how the nonoccurrence of floods, in association with flow regulation and other hu- man manipulation of river systems, may create hazards for aquatic and riparian communities. This volume will be a valuable resource for everyone associated with inland flood hazards: professionals in government and industry, and researchers and graduate students in civil engineering, geography, geology, hydrology, hydraulics, and ecology. Ellen E. Wohl is an Associate Professor of Geology in the Department of Earth Resources, Colorado State University. INLAND FLOOD HAZARDS HUMAN, RIPARIAN, AND AQUATIC COMMUNITIES Edited by Ellen E. Wohl Colorado State University CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK http://www.cup.cam.ac.uk 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA http://www.cup.org 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia Ruiz de Alarcdn 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain © CUP 2000 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2000 Printed in the United States of America Typefaces Melior 10/12 pt. and Optima System ETEX 2 [TB] e A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Inland flood hazards: human, riparian and aquatic communities / edited by Ellen E. Wohl. p. cm. ISBN 0-521-62419-3 (hb) 1. Floods. 2. Flood control. I. Wohl, Ellen E., 1962- GB1399 .154 2000 363.34'93 - dc21 99-052944 CIP ISBN 0 521 62419 3 hardback Contents Preface page xi Contributors xiii INTRODUCTION 1 Inland Flood Hazards 3 Ellen E. Wohl Introduction 3 Floods and Flood Hazards 4 The Riparian Corridor 5 Spatial Differentiation within a Drainage Basin 8 History of Flood Hazards and Flood Mitigation 10 Channel Change and Land-Use Patterns 13 Flood Hazard Research 19 Representative Drainage Regions 21 Summary 26 Acknowledgments 27 References 27 PHYSICAL CONTROLS ON FLOODING 2 Hydroclimatology of Meteorologic Floods 39 K.K. Hirschboeck, L.L. Ely, and R.A. Maddox Introduction 39 Flood Hydroclimatology: A Context for Understanding Flood Causation 40 Flood Hydroclimatology and the Long-Term Perspective 54 Concluding Remarks 65 Acknowledgments 68 References 68 3 Floods from Natural and Artificial Dam Failures 73 Daniel A. Cenderelli Introduction 73 vi — ^ — ^ — — —— Contents Floods from Natural Dam Failures 74 Floods from Artificial Dams 84 Peak Discharge Estimates and Discharge Hydrographs of Dam-Failure Floods 91 Summary 98 Acknowledgments 99 References 99 4 Anthropogenic Impacts on Flood Hazards 104 Ellen E. Wohl Introduction 104 Modification of Drainage Basin Characteristics 108 Modification of In-Channel Flow and Morphology 118 Settlement within the Flood Zone 129 Summary 130 Acknowledgments 131 References 131 FLOOD PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 5 Inundation Hydrology 145 Leal A.K. Mertes Introduction 145 Inundation Hydrology 149 Theoretical Framework for Analysis of Patterns of Inundation Hydrology 154 Case Studies 159 Summary 162 Acknowledgments 164 References 164 6 Geomorphic Effects of Floods 167 Ellen E. Wohl Introduction 167 Erosional Patterns 174 Depositional Patterns 178 Lateral Channel Movement and Channel Planform Change 182 Gradual Channel Changes 184 Geomorphic Importance of Floods 185 Geomorphic Hazards Associated with Flooding 185 Conclusions 187 Acknowledgments 187 References 187 7 Contaminant Transport Hazards during Flooding 194 Jim B. Finley Introduction 194 Contents VII Biogeochemistry of Contaminants in the Fluvial System 196 Case Studies 208 Conclusions 213 References 213 BIOLOGICAL FLOOD PROCESSES AND EFFECTS 8 Floods, Flood Control, and Bottomland Vegetation 219 Jonathan M. Friedman and Gregor T. Auble Introduction 219 Floods as Transport Vectors 220 Flooding and Anoxia 221 Moisture Subsidy 221 Physical Disturbance 222 Influence of Vegetation on Flooding 222 Flood Disturbance and Bottomland Plant Communities 223 Flood-Related Strategies of Bottomland Herbs 224 Regional Patterns in Bottomland Tree Communities 225 Floods and Reproduction of Bottomland Pioneer Trees 226 Relative Importance of Floods with Different Recurrence Intervals 229 Effects of Flood Control on Bottomland Vegetation 230 Conclusions 232 Acknowledgments 233 References 233 9 Flooding and Aquatic Ecosystems 238 Richards. Wydoski and Edmund J. Wick Introduction 238 Ecological Importance of Flooding to Aquatic Ecosystems, with an Emphasis on Large River Systems 240 Nutrient and Energy Transfer within a Large River Ecosystem 241 Human Perturbations of Large River Ecosystems 246 Case Review: Impacts of Water Development on Endangered Fishes in the Upper Colorado River Basin 249 Balance of Preservation and Use of River-Floodplain Environments 258 References 261 EFFECTS OF FLOODS ON HUMAN COMMUNITIES 10 The Effects of Variable River Flow on Human Communities 271 Dorothy Merritts Introduction 271 Rivers and Floodplains as Human Habitat 272 viii — • ^ — ^ — ^— Contents Processes that Generate Flood Hazards 278 Effects of the "Flood Protection-Development Spiral" on Human Communities: Case Study of the Mississippi River, USA 282 Consequences of Streamflow Altered by Dams: Case Study of the Colorado River 286 Conclusions 288 References 289 RESPONSES TO FLOODING 11 Prediction and Modeling of Flood Hydrology and Hydraulics 293 Jorge A. Ramirez Introduction 293 Unit Hydrograph Analysis 294 Unit Hydrographs: Empirical Derivation 297 Unit Hydrographs: Linear System Theory 298 Conceptual (Synthetic) Unit Hydrographs 300 Flood Routing 313 Distributed Watershed Models 322 References 329 12 Flood Frequency Analysis and Statistical Estimation of Flood Risk 334 Jery R. Stedinger Introduction 334 Statistics for Flood Frequency Analysis 335 Use of Mathematical Probability Distributions 338 A Modeling/Data Paradigm 341 Selecting a Distribution 343 Regionalization and Index-Flood Method 344 Other Regionalization Schemes 346 Use of Historical and Paleoflood Information 346 Measurement Errors 349 Mixtures 349 Rogue Observations and Low Outliers 350 Partial Duration Series 351 Regional Regression 353 Hydrographs and River Basin Operation 354 Conclusions 355 References 355 13 Paleoflood Hydrology and the Estimation of Extreme Floods 359 Victor R. Baker Introduction 359 Paleoflood Hydrological Methodology 360 Contents — ^ — ——— —— ix SWD-PSI Paleoflood Investigations 363 Predicting Extreme Floods 369 Applied Paleoflood Hydrology 372 Discussion and Conclusions 373 Acknowledgments 374 References 374 FLOOD HAZARD MITIGATION STRATEGIES 14 Comparison of Flood Management Strategies 381 Chester C. Watson and David S. Biedenharn Introduction 381 Categories of Flood-Control Measures 381 Description of Case Study Areas 382 Evolution of Management Strategies on the Mississippi River 383 Evolution of Management Strategies on the Tone River 390 Summary 391 References 392 15 Nonstructural Mitigation of Flood Hazards 394 Eve Gruntfest Introduction 394 Definitions of Structural and Nonstructural Measures 395 Discussion of Nonstructural Measures 397 Case Studies 403 Combined Structural and Nonstructural Measures to Reduce Flood Losses 406 Conclusion 408 References 408 Web Pages Related to Nonstructural Measures 410 16 Planning for Flow Requirements to Sustain Stream Biota 411 ClairB. Stalnaker and Edmund J. Wick Rivers Must Be Managed as Integrated Systems of Dynamic Physical, Chemical, and Biological Processes 411 Shortcomings of Many Instream Flow Studies 413 Addressing Integrated Science Predictions through Simulation Modeling and Testing 417 Integrated Science: Renewing the Call for Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management 420 Case Example: Trinity River, California 423 Case Example: Green River, Utah 434 A New Paradigm for Management of Rivers for Human Use and Ecological Integrity 443 References 445
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