Inhaled Particles, Volume 5

214 Pages·2005·20.212 MB·English

by  Chiu-sen Wang

Inhaled Particles
INTERFACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Series Editor: ARTHUR HUBBARD
In this series:
Vol. 1: Clay Surfaces: Fundamentals and Applications
Edited by F. Wypych and K.G. Satyanarayana
Vol. 2: Electrokinetics in Microfluidics
By Dongqing Li
Vol. 3: Radiotracer Studies of Interfaces
Edited by G. Horányi
Vol. 4: Emulsions: Structure Stability and Interactions
Edited by D.N. Petsev
Vol. 5: Inhaled Particles
By Chiu-sen Wang
INTERFACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY - VOLUME 5
Inhaled Particles
Chiu-sen Wang
Professor Emeritus
College of Public Health
National Taiwan University
Taipei, Taiwan
2005
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For Aidan with love
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CONTENTS
Preface xiii
Glossary and Acronyms xv
List of Principal Symbols xxi
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Problems 5
References 5
Chapter 2 Morphometry of the Human Respiratory System 7
2.1 The Head Airways Region 8
2.2 The Tracheobronchial Region 11
2.3 Anatomical Models of Lungs 15
2.4 Anatomical Models of Airway Bifurcations 24
2.5 The Alveolar Region 25
2.6 Variations in Airway Dimensions 26
2.7 Changes in Airway Dimensions during Respiration 27
Problems 28
References 28
Chapter 3 Airflow in the Respiratory System 31
3.1 Breathing Dynamics and Respiratory Volumes 31
3.2 Respiratory Physiology 33
3.3 Macroscopic Aspects of Airflow in Lung Airways 34
3.4 Local Aerodynamic Characteristics 36
3.4.1 General Concepts in Fluid Mechanics 36
3.4.2 Overview of Flow Patterns in Respiratory Airways 39
3.5 Flow in Head Airways 41
3.6 Flow in Tracheobronchial Airways 42
Vlll Contents
3.6.1 Effects of Successive Bifurcations 44
3.6.2 Effects of the Shape of Transition Zone 45
3.6.3 Effects of the Shape of Carinal Ridge 46
3.6.4 Effects of Surface Structure 46
3.6.5 Effects of Oscillatory Flow 47
3.7 Flow in the Alveolar Region 48
3.8 Summary of Flow Patterns in Airways 50
Problems 51
References 52
Chapter 4 Behavior of Aerosol Particles 55
4.1 Drag Force 57
4.2 Gravitational Settling 58
4.3 Interception 61
4.4 Inertial Impaction 61
4.5 Brownian Motion and Diffusion 66
4.6 Convective Brownian Diffusion 68
4.7 Deposition from Turbulent Flow 70
4.8 Electrostatic Forces 71
4.9 Growth of Hygroscopic Particles 73
4.10 Simultaneous Deposition by Several Mechanisms 75
Problems 76
References 77
Chapter 5 Dispersion of Inhaled Aerosol 79
5.1 General Concepts in Aerosol Dispersion 79
5.2 Aerosol Dispersion in Lung Airways 82
5.3 Gas Mixing in Lung Airways 84
Problems 85
References 85
Chapter 6 Inhalability of Ambient Particles 87
6.1 Mouth Inhalability 88
Contents ix
6.2 Nose Inhalability 91
Problems 91
References 91
Chapter 7 Deposition of Particles in the Respiratory System 93
7.1 General Concepts in Respiratory Deposition 93
7.2 Total and Regional Deposition 94
7.2.1 Relative Contributions of Various Mechanisms 95
7.2.2 Alveolar Deposition during Breath-Holding 97
7.3 Local Deposition 99
7.3.1 Deposition in Single Bifurcations 99
7.3.2 Effects of Successive Bifurcations 103
7.3.3 Deposition from Cyclic Flow 104
7.3.4 Deposition of Fibers in Single Bifurcations 104
Problems 105
References 106
Chapter 8 Experimental Studies on Total and Regional Deposition 108
8.1 Experimental Methods 108
8.1.1 Experimental Methods for Extrathoracic Deposition 109
8.1.2 Experimental Methods for Thoracic Deposition 110
8.1.3 Experimental Methods for Total Deposition 112
8.2 Deposition in Head Airways 112
8.2.1 Data from Human Subjects 112
8.2.2 Data from Casts 113
8.3 Deposition in the Tracheobronchial Region 115
8.4 Deposition in the Alveolar Region 118
8.5 Summary of Regional Deposition 119
8.6 Total Deposition 120
8.6.1 Deposition of Nonhygroscopic Particles 120
8.6.2 Deposition of Hygroscopic Particles 122
8.6.3 Deposition of Highly Charged Particles 122
x Contents
Problems 123
References 124
Chapter 9 Deposition Models 127
9.1 Continuous Models 127
9.2 Compartments-in-Series Models 130
9.2.1 Typical Path Deposition Models 133
9.2.2 Single Path with Statistically Distributed Airway
Dimensions 133
9.2.3 Tubes-and-Bifurcations-in-Series 134
9.3 The ICRP Deposition Model 135
9.3.1 Respiratory Tract Morphometry 13 5
9.3.2 Inhalability 136
9.3.3 Deposition in Extrathoracic Regions 136
9.3.4 Deposition in Thoracic Regions 137
9.3.5 Deposition of Hygroscopic Particles 139
9.3.6 Empirical Equations for Regional Deposition 139
9.4 The NCRP Deposition Model 140
9.4.1 Deposition in the Extrathoracic Region 141
9.4.2 Deposition in Thoracic Regions 142
9.5 Comparison of the ICRP and NCRP Models 144
9.6 Concluding Remarks 145
Problems 145
References 146
Chapter 10 Fate of Deposited Particles 149
10.1 Mechanisms of Particle Clearance 149
10.1.1 Mucociliary Transport 149
10.1.2 Phagocytosis 150
10.1.3 Entry into Lymphatic System 150
10.1.4 Absorption into Blood Circulation 150
10.2 Particle Clearance in Various Airway Regions 151