Infrared Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Minerals PDF
Preview Infrared Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Minerals
Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Minerals THE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Infrare d Transmission Spectra of Carbonate Mineral s G. C. Jones Departmen tof Mineralogy The Natural History Museum London, UK and B. Jackson Departmen tof Geology Royal Museum of Scotland Edinburgh, UK A collaborative project of The Natural History Museum and National Museums of Scotland E3 SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINSE SMEDIA, B.V. First editio n 1 993 © 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Chapman & Hall in 1993 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1993 Typese t at the Natural Histor y Museu m ISBN 978-94-010-4940-5 ISBN 978-94-011-2120-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-2120-0 Apart from any fair dealin g for the purpose s of researc h or privat e study , or criticis m or review , as permitte d under the UK Copyrigh t Design s and Patents Act , 1988, thi s publicatio n may not be reproduced , stored , or transmitted , in any form or by any means , withou t the prior permissio n in writin g of the publishers , or in the case of reprographi c reproductio n only in accordanc e with the terms of the licence s issue d by the Copyrigh t Licensin g Agenc y in the UK, or in accordanc e with the terms of licence s issue d by the appropriat e Reproductio n Right s Organizatio n outsid e the UK. Enquirie s concernin g reproductio n outsid e the terms stated here shoul d be sent to the publisher s at the Londo n addres s printe d on this page. The publishe r makes no representation , expres s or implied , with regard to the accurac y of the informatio n containe d in this book and canno t accep t any legal responsibilit y or liabilit y for any errors or omission s that may be made. A catalogu e recor d for this book is availabl e from the Britis h Librar y Librar y of Congres s Cataloging-in-Publicatio n Data availabl e (oö) Printed on acid-free text paper, manufactured in accordance with ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992(Permanence of Paper) Contents Foreword vii Introduction viii A guide to the book IX The mineral specimens ix Instrumentationa nd samplep reparation ix The spectra ix The text pages x Generalr eferences xi Index of spectrab y mineral name xii Index of spectrab y chemicalc lass xiii The spectra 1 Foreword The selecteds pectrap resentedin this volume are a testimonyt o the diversity of mineralc arbonates. Their compositional variety embracesm any of the chemical elements and is increasedb y the frequentp resenceo f solid solution betweenm embers.T hey occuri n all the broadc ategorieso f rock types: igneous, metamorphic,m etasomatica nd sedimentary;a nd they are often associatedw ith important ores and rare elementd eposits.C arbonatesa re not only of significancei n the geological domain, but also in industry and materials science. Accurate identification of the compoundsi s, therefore,v ital for a proper understandingo f any carbonateb earings ystem. The developmento f Fourier transformi nfrared spectrometryh as beenf or somey earsa t the stage where the acquisitiono f spectrai s relatively simple, rapid and with good resolution. For identifica- tion, the method is inexpensive and can provide additional information on the nature of the chemicalb onding. It is particularly suited to carbonatesb ecauseo f its ability to discriminatec learly betweent he different members. It is obvious that to be able to produce a large set of definitive spectra, a source of well- characterizedm inerals is required, but the location of such a sourcei s not necessarilys o obvious. Our two museums- The Natural History Museum in London and the National Museums of Scotlandi n Edinburgh- have joined forces to provide such a source,u sing their renownedm ineral collectionsa nd authenticatinge achm ineral by moderna dvancedm ethodso f analysisa nd identifica- tion. This volume is the product of severaly ears' work of high quality. We believe that it gives for today the most readily available compilation of reliable IR spectraa s an invaluabler eferencet ool for many. ProfessorP aul Henderson Keepero f Mineralogy The Natural History Museum, London and Dr Ian Rolfe Keepero f Geology National Museumso f Scotland,E dinburgh May, 1993 Introduction The purposeo f this compilation is to make available recently-acquireds pectrao f as many well- characterizedc arbonatem ineralsa s possiblei n order to further the use of infrared spectroscopyin mineralogy. With the recenti ncreaseda vailability of Fourier transforms pectrometersfo r routine laboratory use, there is great potential for infrared spectroscopyt o becomem ore widely used, both for the rapid identification of minerals and for more detailed structural studies. Despite being an estab- lished analytical technique,m ineralogicali nfrared spectroscopyh as beenh andicappedb y a lack of high-quality references pectra. There is currently no infrared equivalent of the JCPDS Mineral Powder Diffraction File and many new mineral descriptionss till lack infrared spectra. Several compilationso f mineral spectraa re available but are far from comprehensivea nd are of variable reliability. Publishedm ineral spectraa re scatteredt hroughout numerousj ournals and are often poorly reproducedw ith limited frequencyr anges. The successo f any comparativet echniqued ependsto a greate xtento n the availability and quality of references tandards.A spectrumi s a virtually unique "fingerprint" of a material and, accurately reproduced,i s a much more useful aid to identification than tabulateda bsorptionsa lone, from which all subtletieso f detail are lost. The more spectrat hat are published,t he more widely usedt he techniqueb ecomesa nd so the cycle continues. The authors acknowledget he co-operationa nd advice of their colleagues,p articularly John Francisa nd PeterD avidsonf or x-ray diffraction work, and the mineral curatorsf or their tolerance of our frequent requestsf or material from their best specimens. A guide to the book The mineral specimens The majority of the mineral specimensu sed in this compilation are from the collections of the Mineralogy Department of The Natural History Museum, London, and the Department of Geology, Royal Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh. Others were acquired from dealers and col- leaguess pecifically for this work. The criteria usedi n selectings pecimensw ere as follows: • purity and homogeneity; • specimensp reviously useda s x-ray powder diffraction standardsw here possible; • easeo f contamination-freeu, nambiguouss ampling; • specimensf rom type or classicl ocalities. The rarity of somes peciesh as madei t necessaryto compromiset hesec riteria in a small number of cases.I n some casesa relatively common mineral has been omitted from this collection, e.g. natron, thermonatrite,s tichtite/barbertonitee tc. because,d espites ampling many specimensfr om various localities, no pure or unambiguousm aterial could be separated. Instrumentation and sample preparation All spectraw ere recordedi n transmissionm ode, using a Fourier transformi nfrared spectrophoto- meter( Philips PU9800)a nd potassiumb romidep ressedd isks. The instrumentw as purgedw ith dry, COz-free air and a blank KBr disk was used to generatet he backgroundw hich is automatically subtractedd uring transformation.5 0 scansw ere acquiredu sing a DTGS detectora t a resolutiono f 2 cm-1 followed by two-passs electives moothing. Samplesw ere not weighed, but the quantity used was adjusted to give the strongestp eak maximum at approximately2 0%T or less, without loss of detail aroundt his peak, subject to the availability of material. Most samplesw ere used without prior drying so as to avoid the risk of thermal alteration. Some powdery or poorly-crystalline minerals have significant amounts of adsorbedw aterw hich was reducedb y allowing the pressedd isk to remaini n the dry environmento f the samplec hamberf or severalh ours. This techniquew as not usedf or hydratedm inerals,s omeo f which can dehydratev ery easily to other phases. The spectra All spectraw ere recordedo ver the frequencyr ange 4400-225c m-I, but as none of the minerals studiedh ad absorptionp eaksi n the range4 400-4000c m-I, the spectraa re reproducedh ere from 4000 to 225 cm-1 to make best use of the available format. The spectraa lso have their vertical expansiona djustedf or the samer eason.W here multiple sharpp eaksa re poorly reproducedin the standardf ormat, an expandedw avenumberp lot has beeni ncluded. The text pages Name: The mineral namei n bold type correspondsto that in Hey's Mineral Index (Clark (1993». Formula, crystal systema nd spaceg roup: Thesed ataa re takenf rom the references ourcesli sted at the end of this introductiono r from later publishedw ork where available. Mineral group: The "mineral group" is that given by The Mineral Database( 1989) but with alternativeg roupings shown where thesed raw attentiont o relationshipsb etweens pectra. Chemicalc lass, chemicalt ype: Thesea re taken from Ferraiolo (1982). Specimen: The BM and RMS numbersc orrespondt o registeredm useums pecimens. The descriptionc orrespondsto that on the specimenr egistrations lip (where available),m odified as necessaryto reflect sampling. Source: This is the locality as recordedo n the specimenr egistrations lip, exceptt hat some place names have beenc hangedt o currentu sage.T ype localities are noted where appropriate. Spectrumr ef. no: This is a unique identifier for the spectrum( there may be more than one spectrump er mineral name). Samplem edium: This will usually be KBr disk but othert echniquesm ay be usedw hered emandedb y the natureo f the sample. XRD: A number,i f given, indicatest hat the specimenh as beene xaminedb y x-ray powderd iffraction. The suffix (std) indicatest he specimenis one that has beenu sedt o producea standardr eference diffraction film in The Mineralogy Dept. NHM. Such standardsw ill have beenc omparedw ith publishedx -ray dataa nd naturally-occurring,w ell-characterisedm ineral specimensC. omparison with the correspondingJ CPDSd ata will also have beenm adeb ut is not necessarilyu sed as the final criteria for mineral identity. Composition: The chemical composition of most specimensh as been checked where possible, using an analytical scanninge lectron microscopew ith energy-dispersivex -ray spectrometryf acility. Ele- mentsw ith atomic numberb elow that of fluorine are not detectableb y this technique,e .g. boron, carbona nd oxygen. Fluorine is only detectablew hen presenti n major amounts.R atios quoted are semi-quantitativea tomic ratios. Other elementsa re also listed where presenta t detectable levels. PeakT able: All spectrald ata have beeno btainedv ia a "peak-pick" program,f ollowed by manuale xamina- tion and editing to exclude spuriousd ata and include significant shouldersa nd other diagnostic features. The tables include some peaks that may not be clearly visible on the spectra as reproduced,d ue to restrictionso f the format, they are howeverv isible on expandedp lots. The frequencieso f thesea nd other minor featuresa re shown in normal type, the major featuresi n bold, as an aid in relating the peakt able to the spectrum.F requenciesin squareb racketsa re due to adsorbedw ater, and are not necessarilyd iagnostic.F requenciesfo llowed by a questionm ark are of uncertains ignificance.F eaturesin the spectruma pproachingt he lower frequencyl imit of 225 cm-1 should be treatedw ith some caution as they may be instrumenta rtifacts due to low energyt ransmission. Notes and References: Any informationr elevantt o the specimena nds pectrumis given here,a lso any polymorphisma nd relationshipsw ith otherm inerals.M ineral namesin bold indicatet hat a spectrumo f that speciesis included int his collection. Referencesg iven have beens electedt o include, wherep ossible,t hose involving infraredi nvestigation,s pectrao r structurali nformation. Referencem ay also be madet o namedc ompilationsa s follows: Moenke Moenke,H . (1962, 1966) Mineralspektren,P arts I and II, Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. Nyquist and Kagel Nyquist, A. and Kagel, R.O. (1971) Infrared Spectra of Inorganic Com- pounds,A cademicP ress,N ew York. Farmer Farmer,V .C. (Ed.) (1974) The Infrared Spectrao f Minerals, Monographn o. 4, Mineralogical Society, London. Sadtler Ferraro,J .R. (Ed.) (1982) Infrared SpectraH andbooko fM inerals and Clays, SadtlerR esearchL aboratories,P hiladelphia. Suhner Suhner,B . (1986) Infrarot-spektrenv on Mineralien, Parts 1 and 2. General references Infrared Spectrao f Minerals and RelatedI norganic Compounds Gadsden,J .A. (1975) Butterworth, London. A systematicc lassificationo f nonsilicatem inerals Ferraiolo, J.A. (1982) Bulletin of the AmericanM useumo f Natural History, 172 (I). The Mineral Database Aleph Enterprises( 1989) Aleph, Livermore, California. Encyclopediao f Minerals, 2nd Edition Roberts,W .L., Campbell,T .J. and Rapp, G.R. (1990) Van NostrandR einhold, New York. Glossary of Mineral Species Fleischer,M . and Mandarino,J .A. (1991) The Mineralogical RecordI nc., Tucson. Mineral ReferenceM anual Nickel, E.H. and Nichols, M.C. (1991) Van NostrandR einhold, New York. Hey's Mineral Index, 3rd Edition Clark, A.M. (1993) Chapman& Hall, London. Index of spectra by mineral name Alstonite Gaylussite Otavite Alumohydrocalcite Glaukosphaerite Ancylite-(C e) Paralstonite Andersonite Harkerite Parisite-(C e) Ankerite Hellyerite Phosgenite Aragonite Huntite Pirssonite Artinite Hydrocerussite Pokrovskite, Aurichalcite Hydromagnesite Pyroaurite Azurite Hydrotalcite Rhodochrosite Hydrozincite( 2) Rosasite Barentsite Roubaultite Barstowite Ikaite Barytocalcite Indigirite Sabinaite Bastnasite-C( e) Scarbroite Bastnasite-(La) Kambaldaite Schrockingerite Bayleyite Kamotoite-(Y) Sharpite Benstonite Kimuraite-(Y) Shortite Beyerite Kolwezite Siderite Bismutite Kutnohorite Sjogrenite Brenkite Smithsonite Brugnatellite Lanthanite-(La) Sphaerocobaltite Burbankite Leadhillite Stenonite Liebigite Strontianite Calcite Lokkaite Strontiodresserite Callaghanite Susannite Canavesite Synchysite-(Y) Carbocernaite Macphersonite Carbonate-cyanotrichite Magnesite Takovite Cerussite Malachite Trona Coalingite Manasseite(2 ) Tunisite Cordylite-(C e) Manganotychite Tychite Mcguinnessite Dawsonite Mckelveyite-(Y) Vaterite Defernite Mineevite-(Y) Voglite Desautelsite Monohydrocalcite Dolomite Montroyalite Weloganite Donnayite-(Y) Witherite Dresserite Nahcolite Wyartite Dundasite Nesquehonite Dypingite Norsethite Zaratite Northupite Zellerite Gaspeite Nyerereite Znucalite
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