Infrared Thermography for Building Moisture Inspection

71 Pages·2019·5.034 MB·English

by  Eva Barreira, Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida

SPRINGER BRIEFS IN
APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Eva Barreira
Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida
Infrared
Thermography for
Building Moisture
Inspection
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Eva Barreira Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida
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Infrared Thermography
for Building Moisture
Inspection
123
EvaBarreira Ricardo M.S.F. Almeida
CONSTRUCT-LFC, Department of Civil CONSTRUCT-LFC, Department of Civil
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
University of Porto University of Porto
Porto, Portugal Porto, Portugal
and
Department ofCivil Engineering,
Schoolof TechnologyandManagement
Polytechnic Institute ofViseu
Viseu, Portugal
ISSN 2191-530X ISSN 2191-5318 (electronic)
SpringerBriefs inApplied SciencesandTechnology
ISBN978-3-319-75385-0 ISBN978-3-319-75386-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75386-7
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Preface
Moisture is one of the most deteriorating factors of buildings. Tracing it, using
non-destructivetechniques,isanobviousadvantage,especiallyforbuildingsinuse.
The problem of moisture in buildings has always aroused great interest. Moisture
damage may occur both due to the presence of moisture itself and/or due to its
evaporation. Besides the degradation of materials and components, compromising
their performance, durability, mechanical resistance, waterproofness and appear-
ance, it can also cause poor indoor conditions resulting from biological growth.
Moisture content is traditionally assessed using destructive procedures, which
requirecollectingawallsampletobeweighedinthelaboratory.However,moisture
contentcanalsobeassessedusingnon-destructivetechniquesasmoisturedetectors.
These techniques may not be as accurate as the destructive procedures; however,
they are very easy to use and deliver real-time results. Infrared thermography
(IRT)isanon-contactandnon-destructivetestingtechnologythatcanbeappliedto
determine the surface temperature of an object. Nevertheless, the procedures to
detectmoistureinbuildingcomponentsusingIRTarestillunderdevelopmentasit
is not clear if it can be used to detect moisture before any visible marks occur.
However,changesinmoisturecontentarerelatedtochangesinsurfacetemperature
and can, therefore, be detected by IRT, due to three physical phenomena: evapo-
rative cooling at the moist area; reduced thermal resistance; and increased heat
storage capacity of the moist material.
The main benefit of this book is that it provides a discussion about the oppor-
tunities and limitations of IRT to assess moisture-related pathologies in build-
ings using several practical models as example cases. Its special features are: (a) a
state of the art of buildings-related IRT applications with the main focus on
moisture assessment; and (b) practical discussion of several case studies, namely
(b1) several set-ups and boundary conditions were created to compare IRT with
other surface temperature measurement techniques and to understand the ideal
conditions for accurate IRT; (b2) IRT was used to assess capillary absorption on a
full-scale laboratory model and the drying process; (b3) IRT was used to assess
moistureinwalls due towind-driven rain infiltrations inbuildings inuse; and(b4)
IRT was used to assess the drying process of exterior walls.
v
vi Preface
Thissubjectisappealingtothescientists,theengineersandthestudents.Atthe
same time, this book will be going to the encounter of a variety of scientific and
engineering disciplines, such as civil engineering, architecture, physics.
This work was financially supported by ProjectPOCI-01-0145-FEDER-007457
—CONSTRUCT—Institute of R&D In Structures and Construction funded by
FEDERfundsthroughCOMPETE2020—ProgramaOperacionalCompetitividadee
Internacionalização (POCI)—and by national funds through FCT—Fundação para
a Ciência e a Tecnologia. The authors would also like to acknowledge their grat-
itude for the support received from the University of Porto—Faculty of
Engineering, Portugal. Finally, the authors would welcome comments, corrections
and suggestions of the readers with the aim of improving any future editions.
Viseu, Portugal Eva Barreira
Porto, Portugal Ricardo M. S. F. Almeida
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Main Developments on Using IRT to Assess Moisture. . . . . . . . . 2
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Measurement of Surface Temperature Using Different Devices . . . . 7
2.1 Aim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Materials and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Results of the In Situ Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.1 Case Study #01_IS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3.2 Case Study #02_IS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3.3 Case Study #03_IS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.4 Case Study #04_IS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4 Results of the Laboratory Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.1 Case Study #01_L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.4.2 Case Study #02_L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.3 Case Study #03_L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.4 Case Study #04_L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5 Discussion of the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3 IRT Versus Moisture: Laboratory Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.1 Aim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Materials and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2.1 Set-up and Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2.2 Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.2.3 Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.3 Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
vii
viii Contents
3.3.1 Moisture Caused by Rising Damp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3.2 Drying Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.4 Discussion of the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4 IRT Versus Moisture: In Situ Tests in Indoor Environment . . . . . . 43
4.1 Aim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.2 Materials and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3 Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.3.1 Exterior Wall of a Basement in a Residential Building. . . . 45
4.3.2 Exterior Walls of a Room in a Residential Building . . . . . 47
4.3.3 Exterior Wall of a Classroom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.4 Discussion of the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5 IRT Versus Drying: In Situ Tests in Outdoor Environment. . . . . . . 53
5.1 Aim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.2 Materials and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.3 Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.3.1 Wall 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.3.2 Wall 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
5.3.3 Wall 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.3.4 Wall 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5.4 Discussion of the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Symbols and Units
c Specific heat capacity (J kg−1 K−1)
h Height (cm)
t Time (h)
RH Relative humidity (%)
Solar Rad Solar radiation (W m−2)
T Temperature (°C)
Wind Vel Wind velocity (m s−1)
Wind Dir Wind direction (º)
Greek Letters
e Emissivity (–)
k Thermal conductivity (W m−1 K−1)
q Density (kg m−3)
ix