Infrared Observation of EarthÂs Atmosphere

260 Pages·2015·23.163 MB·English

by  Dubuisson, Philippe, Herbin, Hervé

EARTH SYSTEM – ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
PH
he
ir
lipvé Infrared Observation
p
H
e
e
Dr
ub
bin
u of Earth's Atmosphere
i
s
s
o
n
I
n
f
r
a
r
e Hervé Herbin
d

O
Philippe Dubuisson
b
s
e
r
v
a
t
i
o
n

o
f

E
a
r
t
h
'
s

A
t
m
o
s
p
h
e
r
e

Infrared Observation of Earth’s Atmosphere

Series Editor
André Mariotti
Infrared Observation of
Earth’s Atmosphere

Hervé Herbin
Philippe Dubuisson
First published 2015 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the
CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the
undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
27-37 St George’s Road 111 River Street
London SW19 4EU Hoboken, NJ 07030
UK USA
www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2015
The rights of Hervé Herbin and Philippe Dubuisson to be identified as the authors of this work have been
asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015952411

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-84821-560-3
Contents
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
List of Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
List of Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
Chapter 1. Basic Physics of the
Atmosphere and Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1. Structure and composition of Earth’s atmosphere . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.1. Vertical structure of the atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1.2. Atmospheric gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3. Aerosols and hydrometeors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2. Atmospheric aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.2. Microphysical properties of aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3. Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.1. Definitions and classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.3.2. Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.3.3. Microphysical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.4. Radiation in Earth’s atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4.1. Electromagnetic radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.4.2. The foundations of radiometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.3. Solar and terrestrial radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.4.4. Reflection and emission of radiation by a surface . . . . . . 29
vi Infrared Observation of Earth’s Atmosphere
1.5. Radiation budget of the climate system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.5.1. Radiative balance of the atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.5.2. The greenhouse effect and parasol effect . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.5.3. Radiative forcing of atmospheric components . . . . . . . . 36
1.5.4. Impact of aerosols on climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.5.5. Impact of clouds on climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.5.6. Climate sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.5.7. Observation of radiative budget . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.6. For further information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Chapter 2. Instrumentation and Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.1. Platforms, satellites and sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.1.1. Types of orbits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.1.2. Characteristic parameters of satellites . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.1.3. Geometry of lines of sight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2. Infrared detection techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.2.1. Radiometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.2.2. High spectral resolution instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.3. For further information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Chapter 3. Forward Radiative Transfer in
Absorbing Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.1. Gaseous absorption and emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.1.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.1.2. Rovibrational spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.1.3. Line shapes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
3.1.4. Line intensity and absorption coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.2. Radiative transfer equation in an absorbing medium . . . . . . 90
3.3. Solving the RTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.3.1. Models at high spectral resolution: line-by-line codes . . . . . 94
3.3.2. Approximate modeling of gas absorption . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.3.3. Boundary conditions and atmospheric parameters . . . . . 101
3.4. For further information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Chapter 4. Forward Radiative Transfer
in Scattering Atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
4.1. Atmospheric scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.1.1. Main properties of scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4.1.2. Rayleigh scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.1.3. Mie scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Contents vii
4.1.4. Non-spherical particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.1.5. Extinction coefficient and optical thickness . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.2. Polarization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.3. Radiative transfer equation (RTE) in a scattering medium . . . . 118
4.3.1. General expression of the RTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.3.2. Solving of the RTE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.3.3. Azimuthal dependence of the radiation field . . . . . . . . . 124
4.3.4. Simplification of the phase function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.4. Numerical methods to solve the RTE in
a scattering plane–parallel medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.4.1. Approximate analytical expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
4.4.2. Discrete ordinate method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.4.3. Adding-doubling method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.4.4. Successive orders of scattering method . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.5. List of radiative transfer codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.6. For further information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Chapter 5. Methods of Geophysical
Parameter Retrieval . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.1. Inversion process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.1.1. Principle of the inversion process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.1.2. The measurement vector and state vector . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.1.3. The forward model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.2. Linear models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
5.2.1. Linear least squares (LLS) method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.2.2. Regularized linear model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.3. Nonlinear inversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.4. Optimal estimation method (OEM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.4.1. Inversion method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.4.2. Sensitivity of the measurement
and informational content analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.4.3. Error analysis for the retrieved profile . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.4.4. Example of water vapor profile retrieval from IASI . . . . . 151
5.5. Lookup tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.6. For further information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Chapter 6. Space Infrared Remote
Sensing: Some Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6.1. Water vapor isotopologues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
6.2. Biomass fires and trace gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
viii Infrared Observation of Earth’s Atmosphere
6.3. Volcanic eruptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
6.3.1. Sulphur dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.3.2. Volcanic aerosols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
6.4. Physical properties of clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.4.1. Classification and physical
properties of ice clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
6.4.2. Thermodynamic phase and
altitude of clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
6.5. For further information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211