Informed by Knowledge: Expert Performance in Complex Situations

433 Pages·2010·9.014 MB·English

by  Kathleen L. Mosier (editor), Ute M. Fischer (editor)

Informed
by
Knowledge
Expertise: Research and Applications
Series Editors
Robert R. Hoffman, K. Anders Ericsson, Gary Klein, Michael McNeese, Eduardo Salas,
Sabine Sonnentag, Frank Durso, Emilie Roth, Nancy J. Cooke, Dean K. Simonton
Hoc/Caccibue/Hollnagel (1995) – Expertise and Technology: Issues in Cognition and
Human-Computer Interaction
Hoffman (2007) – Expertise Out of Context
Hoffman/Militello (2008) – Perspectives on Cognitive Task Analysis
Mieg (2001) – The Social Psychology of Expertise Case Studies in Research, Professional
Domains, and Expert Roles
Montgomery/Lipshitz/Brehmer (2004) – How Professionals Make Decisions
Mosier/Fischer (2011) – Informed by Knowledge: Expert Performance in Complex
Situations
Noice/Noice (1997) – The Nature of Expertise in Professional Acting: A Cognitive View
Salas/Klein (2001) – Linking Expertise and Naturalistic Decision Making
Schraagen/Chipman/Shalin (2000) – Cognitive Task Analysis
Zsambok/Klein (1997) – Naturalistic Decision Making
Informed
by
Knowledge
Expert Performance in Complex Situations
EditEd by
Kathleen L. Mosier and Ute M. Fischer
Psychology Press
New York London
Psychology Press Psychology Press
Taylor & Francis Group Taylor & Francis Group
270 Madison Avenue 27 Church Road
New York, NY 10016 Hove, East Sussex BN3 2FA
© 2011 by Taylor and Francis Group, LLC
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2011.
To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.
Psychology Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
International Standard Book Number: 978-1-84872-911-7 (Hardback)
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://
www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923,
978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For
organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for
identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data
Informed by knowledge : expert performance in complex situations / editors, Kathleen L. Mosier, Ute
M. Fischer.
p. cm. -- (Expertise: research and applications)
Based on presentations from the 8th International Conference on Naturalistic Decision Making.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84872-911-7 (hbk. : alk. paper)
1. Decision making. 2. Expertise. I. Mosier, Kathleen L. II. Fischer, Ute M. III. International
Conference on Naturalistic Decision Making (8th)
BF448.I54 2011
003’.56--dc22 2010027742
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the Psychology Press Web site at
http://www.psypress.com
ISBN 0-203-84798-9 Master e-book ISBN
Contents
Series Editor’s Preface ix
Preface x i
Kathleen L. Mosier and Ute M. Fischer, Editors
Part I Managing Complexity: Discussions from Various
Fields and Decision Contexts
1 NDM Issues in Extreme Environments 3
Judith Orasanu and Phil Lieberman
2 Expert Cognition and Sensemaking in the Global Organization
Leadership Context: A Case Study 23
Joyce Osland
3 Focused Cognition: Information Integration and Complex
Problem Solving by Top Inventors 41
Harald A. Mieg
4 Large-Scale Coordination of Work: Coping With Complex
Chaos Within Healthcare 55
Shawna J. Perry and Robert L. Wears
5 The Role of Cognition in Team Collaboration During Complex
Problem Solving 69
Susan G. Hutchins and Tony Kendall
6 Decision-Making Processes of Leaders in Product
Development 91
Petra Badke-Schaub
v
vi Contents
7 Expert Cultural Sensemaking in the Management
of Middle Eastern Crowds 105
Winston R. Sieck, Jennifer L. Smith, Anna Grome, and David A. Rababy
8 Managing Complex Military Planning: Processes and
Techniques Used by Experienced and Less Experienced
Commanders 123
Peter Thunholm
Part II Technological Support and Training for Knowledge
Management
9 The Design of a Distributed Work System to Support Adaptive
Decision Making Across Multiple Organizations 139
Philip J. Smith, Amy L. Spencer, and Charles Billings
10 An Investigation of Technology-Mediated Ad Hoc Team
Operations: Consideration of Components of Team Situation
Awareness 153
Laura D. Strater, Haydee M. Cuevas, Sandro Scielzo, Erik S. Connors,
Cleotilde Gonzalez, Diane M. Ungvarsky, and Mica R. Endsley
11 Planning, Monitoring, and Trouble Shooting: Decision Making
in Distributed Drilling Operations 169
Kristina Lauche and Petra Saskia Bayerl
12 Expertise in the Submarine Domain: The Impact of Explicit
Display on the Interpretation of Uncertainty 1 89
Susan S. Kirschenbaum
13 Using High-Fidelity Computerized Training to Prepare
Commanders for Operational Decision Making 201
Laura A. Zimmerman, Jeff M. Sestokas, and Christopher A. Burns
Part III Commentary: Overlooked Issues in Expert
Decision Making
14 Naturalizing Sensemaking 223
David Snowden
15 Anticipatory Thinking 235
Gary Klein, David Snowden, and Chew Lock Pin
Contents vii
16 Uncertainty Management and Macrocognition in Teams:
A Multidisciplinary Review and Integration 2 47
Stephen M. Fiore, Michael A. Rosen, and Eduardo Salas
17 How Do You Find an Expert? Identifying Blind Spots and
Complex Mental Models Among Key Organizational Decision
Makers Using a Unique Profiling Tool 261
Lia DiBello, David Lehmann, and Whit Missildine
18 Losing Sight of the “Golden Mean”: Accountogenic Decisions
in UK Policing 275
Laurence Alison, Marie Eyre, and Michael Humann
Part IV: Outlook: New Methods and Approaches
19 Systematizing Discovery in Cognitive Task Analysis 295
Laura Militello, B.L. William Wong, Susan S. Kirschenbaum,
and Emily Patterson
20 Expertise in Assessing and Managing Risk of Violence:
The Contribution of Naturalistic Decision Making 313
Paul R. Falzer
21 A Data-Frame Sensemaking Analysis of Operative Reports:
Bile Duct Injuries Associated With Laparoscopic
Cholecystectomy 329
Lygia Stewart, Cynthia O. Dominguez, and Lawrence W. Way
22 Coordination of Event Detection and Task Management
in Time-Critical Settings 339
Barrett S. Caldwell and Sandra K. Garrett
23 “Convince Me”: An Interdisciplinary Study of NDM and
Portfolio Managers 353
Claire McAndrew and Julie Gore
24 Knowns, Known Unknowns, and Unknown Unknowns:
Time and Uncertainty in Naturalistic Decision Making 371
Marvin S. Cohen
Author Index 397
Subject Index 409

Series Editor’s Preface
The previous title in the Expertise Series was Expertise Out of Context (2007). It was
formed around the proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Naturalistic
Decision Making, which was held in 2003. The present volume has been formed
around selected papers presented at the 8th International Conference on Naturalistic
Decision Making (NDM8), which was held in June 2007. The presentations, post-
ers, and demonstrations given at the meeting were unanimously regarded as being
engaging as well as valuable. While the venue—the Asilomar Conference Center in
Monterey, California—certainly contributed to the upbeat spirit of the meeting, its
substance, and the many discussions and debates that were triggered, made NDM8
especially noteworthy and memorable. As in past NDM meetings, there were pre-
sentations on current work in the field of cognitive systems engineering, but there
were also talks on topics drawn from outside the community of practice, and talks by
invited speakers coming from other communities of practice. Everything converged,
naturally, on phenomena of reasoning and knowledge as they occur in cognitive
work, or complex sociotechnical systems.
Thematically, the sections of the present volume discuss the challenges to sense-
making that experts face (e.g., many sources of information, ambiguous and con-
tradictory information, changing conditions), strategies they employ for discovering
and integrating information, technical support and training for knowledge manage-
ment, and new theoretical and methodological approaches and research paradigms
for studying expert knowledge management in complex situations.
There was consensus that NDM8 was one of the most interesting conferences that
attendees had been a part of, and that it did indeed showcase a great many high-quality
presentations. This made the production of a book difficult, actually, in terms of the
desire to emphasize breadth and diversity of coverage. The editors, Kathy Mosier and
Ute Fischer, did a fine job of integrating the material and ensuring that each chapter
was succinct as well as informative and valuable. Issues covered include coping with
the challenges of team and organizational collaboration, coping with the complexity
of cognitive work, coping with extreme environments, and coping with uncertainty
in net-centric domains. Phenomena of macrocognition that are discussed include
anticipatory thinking and sensemaking. Domains of study span a wide range, as one
would expect and hope, including inventing, military command, healthcare, invest-
ment banking, and public safety.
ix