Table Of ContentInformation Modeling and
Relational Databases
From Conceptual Analysis to Logical Design
The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Data Management Systems
SeriesEditor:JimGray,MicrosoftResearch
InformationModelingandRelational JoeCelko’sSQLforSmarties: PrinciplesofTransactionProcessing
Databases:FromConceptualAnalysis AdvancedSQLProgramming,Second PhilipA.BernsteinandEricNewcomer
toLogicalDesign Edition
UsingtheNewDB2:IBM’sObject-
TerryHalpin JoeCelko
RelationalDatabaseSystem
TransactionalInformationSystems: JoeCelko’sDataandDatabases: DonChamberlin
Theory,Algorithms,andPracticeof ConceptsinPractice
DistributedAlgorithms
ConcurrencyControlandRecovery JoeCelko
NancyA.Lynch
GerhardWeikumandGottfriedVossen
DevelopingTime-OrientedDatabase
ActiveDatabaseSystems:Triggersand
SpatialDatabases:WithApplication ApplicationsinSQL
RulesforAdvancedDatabase
toGIS RichardT.Snodgrass
Processing
PhilippeRigaux,MichelScholl,and
WebFarmingfortheDataWarehouse EditedbyJenniferWidomandStefano
AgnesVoisard
RichardD.Hackathorn Ceri
SQL:1999—UnderstandingRelational
DatabaseModeling&Design,Third MigratingLegacySystems:Gateways,
LanguageComponents
Edition Interfaces,&theIncrementalApproach
JimMeltonandAlanR.Simon
TobyJ.Teorey MichaelL.BrodieandMichael
ComponentDatabaseSystems Stonebraker
ManagementofHeterogeneousand
EditedbyKlausR.Dittrichand
AutonomousDatabaseSystems AtomicTransactions
AndreasGeppert
EditedbyAhmedElmagarmid,Marek NancyLynch,MichaelMerritt,William
ManagingReferenceDatain Rusinkiewicz,andAmitSheth Weihl,andAlanFekete
EnterpriseDatabases:Binding
Object-RelationalDBMSs:Tracking QueryProcessingforAdvanced
CorporateDatatotheWiderWorld
theNextGreatWave,SecondEdition DatabasedSystems
MalcolmChisholm
MichaelStonebrakerandPaulBrown EditedbyJohannChristophFreytag,
InformationVisualizationinData withDorothyMoore DavidMaier,andGottfriedVossen
MiningandKnowledgeDiscovery
ACompleteGuidetoDB2Universal TransactionProcessing:Conceptsand
EditedbyUsamaFayyad,GeorgesG.
Database Techniques
Grinstein,andAndreasWierse
DonChamberlin JimGrayandAndreasReuter
DataMining:ConceptsandTechniques
UniversalDatabaseManagement:A BuildinganObject-OrientedDatabase
JiaweiHanandMichelineKamber
GuidetoObject/RelationalTechnology System:TheStoryofO
2
UnderstandingSQLandJavaTogether: CynthiaMaroSaracco EditedbyFrançoisBancilhon,Claude
AGuidetoSQLJ,JDBC,andRelated Delobel,andParisKanellakis
ReadingsinDatabaseSystems,Third
Technologies
Edition DatabaseTransactionModelsfor
JimMeltonandAndrewEisenberg
EditedbyMichaelStonebrakerand AdvancedApplications
Database:Principles,Programming, JosephM.Hellerstein EditedbyAhmedK.Elmagarmid
andPerformance,SecondEdition
UnderstandingSQL’sStored AGuidetoDevelopingClient/Server
PatrickandElizabethO’Neil
Procedures:ACompleteGuide SQLApplications
TheObjectDataStandard:ODMG3.0 toSQL/PSM SetragKhoshafian,ArvolaChan,Anna
EditedbyR.G.G.CattellandDouglas JimMelton Wong,andHarryK.T.Wong
K.Berry
PrinciplesofMultimediaDatabase TheBenchmarkHandbookfor
DataontheWeb:FromRelationsto Systems DatabaseandTransactionProcessing
SemistructuredDataandXML V.S.Subrahmanian Systems,SecondEdition
SergeAbiteboul,PeterBuneman,Dan EditedbyJimGray
PrinciplesofDatabaseQuery
Suciu
ProcessingforAdvancedApplications CamelotandAvalon:ADistributed
DataMining:PracticalMachine ClementT.YuandWeiyiMeng TransactionFacility
LearningToolsandTechniqueswith EditedbyJeffreyL.Eppinger,LilyB.
AdvancedDatabaseSystems
JavaImplementations Mummert,andAlfredZ.Spector
CarloZaniolo,StefanoCeri,Christos
IanWittenandEibeFrank
Faloutsos,RichardT.Snodgrass,V.S. ReadingsinObject-OrientedDatabase
Subrahmanian,andRobertoZicari Systems
EditedbyStanleyB.ZdonikandDavid
Maier
Information
Modeling and
Relational
Databases
From Conceptual Analysis to Logical Design
Terry Halpin
MicrosoftCorporation
ExecutiveEditor DianeD.Cerra
PublishingServicesManager ScottNorton
SeniorProductionEditor CheriPalmer
AssistantEditor BelindaBreyer
EditorialAssistant MonaBuehler
CoverDesign RossCarronDesign
CoverImage ©LeslieHarris/PictureQuest
TextDesign MarkOng,SidebySideStudios
Copyeditor KenDellaPenta
Proofreader JenniferMcClain
Composition/Illustration Technologies’NTypography
Indexer TyKoontz
Printer CourierCorporation
Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarksorregistered
trademarks.InallinstancesinwhichMorganKaufmannPublishersisawareofaclaim,theproductnames
appearininitialcapitalorallcapitalletters.However,readersshouldcontacttheappropriatecompaniesfor
morecompleteinformationregardingtrademarksandregistration.
MorganKaufmannPublishers
340PineStreet,SixthFloor,SanFrancisco,CA94104-3205,USA
http://www.mkp.com
ACADEMICPRESS
AHarcourtScienceandTechnologyCompany
525BStreet,Suite1900,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,USA
http://www.academicpress.com
AcademicPress
HarcourtPlace,32JamestownRoad,London,NW17BY,UnitedKingdom
http://www.academicpress.com
©2001byAcademicPress
Allrightsreserved
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
05 04 03 02 01 5 4 3 2 1
Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby
anymeans—electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,orotherwise—withoutthepriorwrittenper-
missionofthepublisher.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Halpin,T.A.
Informationmodelingandrelationaldatabases : fromconceptualanalysistological
design / TerryHalpin.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN1-55860-672-6
1.Databasedesign. 2.Relationaldatabases. I.Title.
QA76.9.D26H3552001
005.75(cid:2)6—dc21 00-053468
Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper.
To Norma, my wonderful wife.
Here’s to another 30 years!
—Terry Halpin
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Contents
ForewordbyJohnZachman
ForewordbyRobertMeersman
ForewordbyGordonEverest
Preface
1 Introduction 1
1.1 InformationModeling 2
1.2 ModelingApproaches 6
1.3 SomeHistoricalBackground 18
1.4 TheRelevantSkills 22
1.5 Summary 23
2 Information Levels and Frameworks 25
2.1 FourInformationLevels 26
2.2 TheConceptualLevel 30
vii
viii Contents
2.3 FromExternaltoConceptualtoRelational 40
2.4 DevelopmentFrameworks 47
2.5 Summary 53
3 Conceptual Modeling: First Steps 55
3.1 ConceptualModelingLanguageCriteria 56
3.2 ORM’sConceptualSchemaDesignProcedure 58
3.3 CSDPStep1:FromExamplestoElementaryFacts 60
3.4 CSDPStep2:DrawFactTypes,andPopulate 78
3.5 CSDPStep3:TrimSchema;NoteBasicDerivations 93
3.6 Summary 104
4 Uniqueness Constraints 109
4.1 CSDPStep4:UniquenessConstraints;ArityCheck 110
4.2 UniquenessConstraintsonUnariesandBinaries 111
4.3 UniquenessConstraintsonLongerFactTypes 123
4.4 ExternalUniquenessConstraints 129
4.5 KeyLengthCheck 140
4.6 Projection-JoinCheck 153
4.7 Summary 158
5 Mandatory Roles 163
5.1 IntroductiontoCSDPStep5 164
5.2 MandatoryandOptionalRoles 166
5.3 LogicalDerivationCheck 179
5.4 ReferenceSchemes 186
5.5 CaseStudy:ACompactDiscRetailer 206
5.6 Summary 210
6 Value, Set-Comparison, and Subtype Constraints 215
6.1 CSDPStep6:Value,Set,andSubtypeConstraints 216
6.2 BasicSetTheory 216
6.3 ValueConstraintsandIndependentObjects 220
6.4 Subset,Equality,andExclusionConstraints 229
Contents ix
6.5 Subtyping 244
6.6 GeneralizationofObjectTypes 266
6.7 Summary 274
7 Other Constraints and Final Checks 277
7.1 CSDPStep7:OtherConstraints;FinalChecks 278
7.2 OccurrenceFrequencies 278
7.3 RingConstraints 283
7.4 OtherConstraints 295
7.5 FinalChecks 304
7.6 Summary 310
8 Entity Relationship Modeling 313
8.1 OverviewofER 314
8.2 BarkerNotation 316
8.3 InformationEngineeringNotation 327
8.4 IDEF1X 332
8.5 MappingfromORMtoER 343
8.6 Summary 346
9 Data Modeling in UML 349
9.1 Introduction 350
9.2 ObjectReferenceandSingle-ValuedAttributes 352
9.3 Multi-valuedAttributes 357
9.4 Associations 362
9.5 SetComparisonConstraints 370
9.6 Subtyping 378
9.7 OtherConstraintsandDerivationRules 382
9.8 MappingfromORMtoUML 396
9.9 Summary 399
10 Relational Mapping 403
10.1 ImplementingaConceptualSchema 404
10.2 RelationalSchemas 405
Description:I am a proud owner of Visio for Enterprise Architects, the only case tool I own, and I've have also purchased and used T.Halpins text regarding the use if this tool. In this text, Terry goes thru great efforts to promote the use of object role modeling, ORM, in conceptual designs. I am somewhat scep