Information and Classification: Concepts, Methods and Applications Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the “Gesellschaft für Klassifikation e.V.” University of Dortmund, April 1–3, 1992 PDF
Preview Information and Classification: Concepts, Methods and Applications Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the “Gesellschaft für Klassifikation e.V.” University of Dortmund, April 1–3, 1992
Studies in Classification, Data Analysis and Knowledge Organization Managing Editor Editorial Board H. H. Bock, Aachen W. H. E. Day, St. John's O. Opitz, Augsburg E. Diday, Paris M. Schader, Mannheim A. Ferligoj, Ljubljana W. Gaul, Karlsruhe 1. C. Gower, Harpenden D. 1. Hand, Milton Keynes P. Ihm, Marburg 1. Meulmann, Leiden S. Nishisato, Toronto F. 1. Radermacher, Ulm R. Wille, Darmstadt TItles in the Series H.-H. Bock and P. Ihm (Eds.) Classification, Data Analysis and Knowledge Organization M. Schader (Ed.) Analyzing and Modeling Data and Knowledge Otto Opitz· Berthold Lausen Rudiger KIar (Eds.) Information and Classification Concepts, Methods and Applications Proceedings of the 16th Annual Conference of the "Gesellschaft flir Klassiflkation e.V." University of Dortmund, Apri11-3, 1992 With 165 Figures Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest Prof. Dr. Otto Opitz Lehrstuhl fUr Mathematische Methoden der Wirtschaftswissenschaften Universitiit Augsburg. Universitiitsstr. 2 0-86135 Augsburg, FRG Dr. Berthold Lausen Forschungsinstitut fUr Kinderemiihrung Heinstiick 11 0-44225 Dortmund, FRG Prof. Dr. Riidiger KIar Abteilung fUr Medizinische Informatik Universitiits-KIinikum Freiburg Stefan-Meier-Str. 26 0-79104 Freiburg, FRG ISBN 978-3-540-56736-3 ISBN 978-3-642-50974-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-50974-2 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights oftranslation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication ofthis publication or parts thereofis only permitted under the provisi ons ofthe German Copyright Law ofS eptember 9, 1965, in its version ofJune 24,1985, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law. © Springer-Verlag Berlin· Heidelberg 1993 The use ofr egistered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. 4217130-543210 -Printed on acid-free paper Preface This volume contains refereed and revised versions of 52 papers selected from the contribu tions presented at the 16th Annual Conference of the "Gesellschaft fiir Klassifikation e.V." (GfKI), the German Classification Society. The conference stood under the heading "IN FORMATION AND CLASSIFICATION: Concepts -Methods -Applications" and took place at the University of Dortmund from April 1-3, 1992. The local organizers were FriedheIm Eicker and Berthold Lausen of the Department of Statistics at the University of Dortmund. The scientific program of the conference included about 160 presentations which were ar ranged in plenary, surveyor subject sessions, in workshops, software presentations or special tutorial courses. Parts of the scientific program were organized in cooperation with follow ing other scientific institutions and organizations: Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie (GMDS) e.V., Deutsche Verbii.nde fiir Altertums forschung, International Biometric Society (German Region), University of Sheffield and with the Dutch-Belgian Vereniging voor Ordinatie en Classificatie (VOC). The conference owed much to the support by the University of Dortmund and especially its Department of Statistics. On March 31, 1992 the "Festkolloquium" of the Department took place in honour of Professor FriedheIm Eickers 65th birthday. This connection was also fruitful for the overall program of the meeting. Moreover, the international success of the conference was made possible by the generous support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemein schaft (DFG) and the Bundesland Nordrhein-Westfalen. The kind support by the sponsors Daimler-Benz AG (Stuttgart), Schering AG (Berlin) and the support through the commer cial software presentations by DATA VISION (Klosters, Schweiz), GraS (Berlin) and WEKA (Frankfurt) is also gratefully acknowledged. The editors divided the selected papers into three major sections: I: Data Analysis and Classification II: Information Retrieval, Knowledge Processing and Software III: Applications and Special Topics Moreover, the papers were grouped and ordered within the major sections according to a common topic covered which is stated in the contents. The editors are aware of the fact, that alternative groupings and orderings are possible, but the structure used re:B.ects the structure of the conference to some extent. Last not least, this hierarchical classification demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of ordered hierarchical structures as also emphazised in former proceedings of the GfKI and may be regarded as an example for an application of a hierarchical classification. VI The editors wish to thank the authors for their contributions and cooperation. Moreover, they have to thank all referees for providing their reports on the submitted papers. Espe cially the editors are greatly indebted to M. Mi6ler-Behr, University of Augsburg, for the managing assistance and support during the refereeing process and the technical preparation of this proceedings volume. Finally, the editors have to thank the Springer-Verlag, Heidel berg, for good cooperation in publishing this volume. Otto Opitz Dortmund, December 1992 Berthold Lausen Rudiger Klar Contents Part I: Data Analysis and Classification Classification Methods Hierarchical Clustering of Sampled Functions G. De Soete .................................................................... 3 Spatial Clustering of Species Based on Quadrat Sampling J. Krauth ..................................................................... 17 A k,.-Nearest Neighbour Algorithm for Unimodal Clusters A. Kovalenko .................................................................. 24 Asymptotic Robustness in Cluster-Analysis for the Case of Tukey-Huber Distortions Y. Kharin and E. Zhuk ........................................................ 31 Choosing the Number of Component Clusters in the Mixture-Model Using a New Informational Complexity Criterion of the Inverse-Fisher Information Matrix H. Bozdogan .................................................................. 40 Fuzzy Classification Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Partitions S. Bodjanova .................................................................. 55 Fuzzy Clustering by Minimizing the Total Hypervolume E. Trauwaert, P. Rousseeuw and L. Kaufman .................................. 61 Conceptual Analysis Conceptual Data Systems P. Scheich, M. Skorsky, F. Vogt, C. Wachter and R. Wille ..................... 72 Conceptual Clustering via Convex-Ordinal Structures S. Strahringer and R. Wille .................................................... 85 Diagrams of Similarity Lattices K. Lengnink ................................................................... 99 viii Approximate Galois Lattices of Formal Concepts I. Van Mechelen .............................................................. 108 Representation of Data by Pseudoline Arrangements W. Kollewe .................................................................. 113 Mathematical Characterizations A Relational Approach to Split Decomposition H.-J. Bandelt and A. W.M. Dress ............................................. 123 Some New Useful Representations of Dissimilarities in Mathematical Classification F. Critchley and B. Van Cutsem .............................................. 132 Multidimensional Scaling A Comparison of Two Methods for Global Optimization in Multidimensional Scaling P.J.F. Groenen ............................................................... 145 Directional Analysis of Three-Way Skew-Symmetric Matrices B. Zielman ................................................................... 156 Clustering in Low-Dimensional Space W.J. Heiser .................................................................. 162 The Construction of Neighbour-Regions in Two Dimensions for Prediction with Multi-Level Categorical Variables J.C. Gower .................................................................. 174 Different Geometric Approaches to Correspondence Analysis of Multivariate Data M.J. Greenacre ............................................................... 190 Nonlinear Biplots for Nonlinear Mappings J.J. Meulman and W.J. Heiser ............................................... 201 Various Methods for Data Analysis Gradient Filtering Projections for Recovering Structures in Multivariate Data I.S. Yenyukov ................................................................ 214 Classification with Set-Valued Decision Functions E. Grycko .................................................................... 218 IX Canonical Discriminant Analysis: Comparison of Resampling Methods and Convex-Hull Approximation C. Weihs ..................................................................... 225 Nonparametric Prediction of Time Series on the Basis of Typical Course Patterns P. Michels ................................................................... 239 Moving Point Patterns: The Poisson Case D. Pfeifer, H.-P. Baumer and M. Albrecht .................................... 248 Part II: Information Retrieval, Knowledge Processing and Software Information Retrieval Representations, Models and Abstractions in Probabilistic Information Retrieval N. Fuhr ...................................................................... 259 Fuzzy Graphs as a Basic Tool for Agglomerative Clustering and Information Retrieval S. Miyamoto ................................................................. 268 The Various Roles of Information Structures P. Schauble and D. Knaus .................................................... 282 Neural Networks Classification Properties of Communicating Neural Networks R. Kree and A. Muller ....................................................... 291 Knowledge Extraction from Self-Organizing Neural Networks A. Ultsch ..................................................................... 301 Self-Organizing Neural Networks for Visualisation and Classification A. Ultsch ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 307 Expert Systems and Knowledge Processing HyDi: Integration of Hypermedia and Expert System Technology for Technical Diagnosis R. Traphoner and F. Maurer ................................................. 314 Classification and Learning of Similarity Measures M.M. Richter ................................................................ 323 x Context Sensitive Knowledge Processing K. Witulski .................................................................. 335 An Efficient Application of a Rule-Based System R. Kiel ........................................................................ 346 Computational Linguistics Acquisition of Syntactical Knowledge from Text J. Schrepp ................................................................... 356 Generating Topic-Based Links in a Hypertext-System for News H.J. Weber ................................................................... 366 Software Interactively Displaying Ultrametric and Additive Trees G. De Soete and J. Vermeulen ................................................ 374 Anaglyphen 3D - A Program for the Interactive Representation of Three-Dimensional Perspective Plots of Statistical Data J. Symanzik .................................................................. 384 Part III: Applications and Special Topics Sequence Data and Tree Reconstruction Discovering Consensus Molecular Sequences W.H.E. Day and F.R. McMorris .............................................. 393 Alignment and Hierarchical Clustering Method for Strings A. Guenoche ................................................................. 403 More Reliable Phylogenies by Properly Weighted Nucleotide Substitutions M. Schoniger and A. von Haeseler ............................................ 413 Caminalcules and Didaktozoa: Imaginary Organisms as Test-Examples for Systematics U. Wirth ..................................................................... 421
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