Influenza: Advances in Diagnosis and Management PDF
Preview Influenza: Advances in Diagnosis and Management
Respiratory Disease Series: Diagnostic Tools and Disease Managements Jiro Fujita Editor Influenza Advances in Diagnosis and Management Respiratory Disease Series: Diagnostic Tools and Disease Managements Series Editors Hiroyuki Nakamura Ibaraki Medical Center Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki, Japan Kazutetsu Aoshiba Ibaraki Medical Center Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki, Japan This book series cover a variety of topics in respiratory diseases, with each volume providing an overview of the current state of knowledge, recent discoveries and future prospects for each disease. In each chapter the editors pose critical questions, which are often unresolved clinical issues. These are then discussed by the authors, providing insights and suggestions as to which developments need to be addressed. The series offers new information, which will inspire innovative ideas to further develop respiratory medicine.This collection of monographs is aimed at benefiting patients across the globe suffering from respiratory disease. Edited by established authorities in the field and written by pioneering experts, this book series will be valuable to those researchers and physicians working in respiratory medicine. The series is aimed at a broad readership, and the books will also be a valuable resource for radiologists, emergency medicine physicians, pathologists, pharmacologists and basic research scientists. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15152 Jiro Fujita Editor Influenza Advances in Diagnosis and Management Editor Jiro Fujita Department of Infectious, Respiratory, and Digestive Medicine Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus Okinawa Japan ISSN 2509-5552 ISSN 2509-5560 (electronic) Respiratory Disease Series: Diagnostic Tools and Disease Managements ISBN 978-981-15-9108-2 ISBN 978-981-15-9109-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9109-9 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface We are going to publish a new textbook about influenza virus infection. Influenza can be easily transmitted and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, especially in immunocompromised inpatients. Therefore, it is impor- tant to take prompt measures to prevent droplet transmission of influenza virus. It is recommended that people receive vaccination for influenza. In addition, if the num- ber of patients with influenza increases, it is recommended to wear surgical masks. Furthermore, understanding the pathogenesis, as well as complications, early diag- nosis, and treatment, is essential to reduce the number of deaths caused by influenza virus infection. In hospital settings, even when the staff are vaccinated against influenza virus, it is impossible to prevent all nosocomial influenza virus infections. Therefore, che- moprophylaxis for those who have had close contact with the index case can supple- ment the prerequisite vaccination to control influenza virus infection. Although Japan is the largest consumer of neuraminidase inhibitors, the emer- gent oseltamivir-resistant influenza A(H1/N1) virus during the 2008–2009 season in Japan has not spread since the 2009–2010 season, and the frequency of neuramini- dase inhibitor-resistant viruses has been quite low to date. In March 2018, oral baloxavir marboxil, the first polymerase inhibitor licensed for the treatment of uncomplicated influenza, was introduced in Japan. Baloxavir marboxil is a prodrug that is metabolized into baloxavir acid that directly inhibits cap-dependent endonuclease activity of the polymerase acidic protein of influenza A and B viruses and suppresses the intracellular growth of influenza virus. In phase II and III trials on outpatients with uncomplicated influenza-like illness, baloxavir has been well tolerated in adults, adolescents, and high-risk patients with comor- bidities such as asthma and chronic lung disease. With the widespread use of bal- oxavir, emergence of reduced baloxavir susceptibility has become a significant challenge. However, since the frequency of reduced baloxavir susceptibility before the treatment remains unclear, the clinical impact of this drug should be closely monitored. This book consists of six parts. In Part I, the World Health Organization Global Strategy to control influenza viral infection is described. In Part II, there are five v vi Preface themes as follows: epidemiology in Japan, transmission at home, cellular and bio- chemical pathogenic processes, pathology of severe influenza virus pneumonia, and diagnosis and treatment. In Part III, there are four themes: rapid diagnosis, differen- tial diagnosis, radiologic findings of influenza pneumonia, and oral findings. In Part IV, there are two themes as follows: classification of pneumonia complicated with influenza and influenza encephalopathy. Part V consists of seven themes: treatment guidelines, treatment strategy in adolescents, how to use zanamivir and oseltamivir, how to use laninamivir octanoate, how to use baloxavir marboxil, how to use pera- mivir, and prophylaxis for influenza. The final topic covers three aspects, as follows: influenza vaccine efficacy/effec- tiveness, the new anti-influenza drug baloxavir marboxil, and viruses resistant to oseltamivir or baloxavir marboxil. I sincerely hope that this book would be useful for every medical staff who take care of patients with influenza virus infection. Okinawa, Japan Jiro Fujita Contents Part I Introduction 1 Global Strategy for Influenza Viral Infection: What Is the Latest Information from WHO? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Takeaki Imamura and Hitoshi Oshitani Part II D efinition, Epidemiology, and Pathogenesis 2 Epidemiology of Influenza with a Description of Recent Trends in Japan: What Are the Key Epidemiologic Features of Seasonal Influenza? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Yuzo Arima, Takuri Takahashi, Tomimasa Sunagawa, and Motoi Suzuki 3 Transmission of Influenza Virus in the Home: How Are They Transmitted in the Home? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Nobuo Hirotsu 4 Cellular and Biochemical Pathogenic Processes in Severe Influenza Virus Infection: How Does Cytokine Storm Play a Role? . . . . . . . . . . 37 Hiroshi Kido, Takashi Kimoto, and Etsuhisa Takahashi 5 Pathology of Severe Influenza Virus Pneumonia: What Is the Importance of Alveolar Mouths? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Yuji Ohtsuki and Jiro Fujita 6 Pathology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Influenza Infections/Pneumonia: What Are the Mechanisms of Secondary Bacterial Pneumonia? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Masafumi Seki vii viii Contents Part III Diagnosis 7 Rapid Diagnosis of Influenza Viral Infection: What Are the Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Molecular Diagnosis? . . . 69 Naoki Uno and Katsunori Yanagihara 8 Differential Diagnosis Between Influenza and Other Respiratory Viral Infections: What Are the Differential Diagnoses? . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Takeshi Kinjo and Jiro Fujita 9 Radiologic Findings of Influenza Pneumonia: What Are the Recent Radiological Findings?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Takeshi Johkoh 10 Oral Findings of Influenza Viral Infection: What Are the Characteristic Pharyngeal Findings of Influenza? . . . 101 Yuichiro Tamaki Part IV Complication 11 Classification of Pneumonia Complicated with Influenza Viral Infection: What Are the Patterns of Pneumonia? . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Yuji Fujikura 12 Influenza Encephalopathy: What Is Encephalopathy? . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Mitsuru Tsuge, Masato Yashiro, Naoki Ohno, and Hirokazu Tsukahara Part V M anagement 13 Treatment Guidelines for Influenza Virus Infection: What Does the Recent Guideline State? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Tadashi Ishida 14 Treatment Strategy for Influenza Viral Infection in Adolescent: What Is the Current Adolescent Treatment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Yosule Aoki 15 How to Use Anti-influenza Drugs: Zanamivir and Oseltamivir . . . . . 149 Naoki Kawai 16 How to Use Anti-influenza Drugs: Laninamivir Octanoate . . . . . . . . 161 Hideyuki Ikematsu 17 How to Use Anti-influenza Drugs: Baloxavir Marboxil . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Takeki Uehara 18 How to Use Anti-influenza Drugs: Peramivir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Yutaka Saisho 19 Prophylaxis of Influenza Viral Transmission: What Is the Current Prophylaxis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Nobuhiro Asai and Hiroshige Mikamo Contents ix Part VI Topics 20 Influenza Vaccine Efficacy/Effectiveness: With Special Reference to Current Epidemiological Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Wakaba Fukushima 21 The New Anti-influenza Drug Baloxavir Marboxil: Can Influenza Viruses with Reduced Susceptibility to Baloxavir Maintain Viral Fitness? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Masaki Imai and Yoshihiro Kawaoka 22 Viruses Resistant to Oseltamivir or Baloxavir: What Do the Data Reveal About Resistance? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Emi Takashita
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