influence of abiotic factors on soil macro and meso faunal population in organic farming ecosystem

180 Pages·2013·6.81 MB·English

INFLUENCE OF ABIOTIC FACTORS ON SOIL
MACRO AND MESO FAUNAL POPULATION IN
ORGANIC FARMING ECOSYSTEM

ABHILASHA, C. R.
PALB 1108

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
BANGALORE-560065
2013
INFLUENCE OF ABIOTIC FACTORS ON SOIL
MACRO AND MESO FAUNAL POPULATION IN
ORGANIC FARMING ECOSYSTEM

ABHILASHA, C. R.
PALB 1108

Thesis submitted to the
University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the Degree of

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IN
AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY

BANGALORE JULY, 2013
AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED
TO
MY BELOVED PARENTS
SMT. KUSTURI
SRI. RAMACHANDRA

BROTHER
SANTOSH.R

FRIEND
SHWETHA.D.S

CHAIRMAN

Dr.N.G.KUMAR
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
BANGALORE
Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “INFLUENCE OF ABIOTIC
FACTORS ON SOIL MACRO AND MESO FAUNAL POPULATION IN
ORGANIC FARMING ECOSYSTEM” submitted by Ms. ABHILASHA, C.
R., ID No. PALB 1108 for award of the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE
(Agriculture) in AGRICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY of the University of
Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, is a record of bonafide research work
carried out by her during the period of her study in this University,
under my guidance and supervision, and that no part of the thesis has
been submitted for the award of any degree, diploma, associate ship,
fellowship or other similar titles.
Bangalore
July, 2013 (N. G. KUMAR)
Major Advisor
Approved by

Chairman : ______________________________
(N. G. KUMAR)
Members : 1. ______________________________
(C. T. ASHOK KUMAR)
2. ______________________________
( N. SRINIVAS)
3. ______________________________
....(A. N. BALAKRISHNA)
4. ______________________________
(P. K. BASAVRAJA)
AACCKKNNOOWWLLEEDDGGEEMMEENNTT
With redardful memories………
It is always a nostalgic feeling whenever one glances back to the days of hard
work, tension and the need of the hour to excel. One would not achieve whatever he
can, without the help, support, encouragement and the wishes of the near and dear
ones. I owe them a lot and it is always a very difficult task expressing and putting into
words the sense of gratitude I feel towards them. I wish to remember and acknowledge

all who made this thesis possible.
I place on record my deep and heartfelt gratitude and sincere thanks to the
esteemed chairman of my Advisory Committee DDDDrrrr.... NNNN.... GGGG.... KKKKuuuummmmaaaarrrr,,,, Professor, Department
of Agriculture Entomology, GKVK, Bangalore, for his constant inspiration and
encouragement, timely help, abysmal guidance, constant fomenting, and punctilious
and valuable advice. Above all his affectionate way of dealing with the thing through
the course of my investigation, helped me to consummate the research work.
I feel inadequacy of my diction to find more suitable word for a wholehearted
thanks to members of my Advisory Committee, DDDDrrrr.... CCCC.... TTTT.... AAAAsssshhhhooookkkk KKKKuuuummmmaaaarrrr,,,, Professor and
University Head, Department of Entomology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore,
DDDDrrrr.... AAAA.... NNNN.... BBBBaaaallllaaaakkkkrrrriiiisssshhhhnnnnaaaa,,,, Professor, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, UAS,
GKVK, Bangalore, DDDDrrrr.... NNNN.... SSSSrrrriiiinnnniiiivvvvaaaassss Professor, Dept. of Entomology, UAS, GKVK,
Bangalore and DDDDrrrr.... PPPP.... KKKK.... BBBBaaaassssaaaavvvvaaaarrrraaaajjjj Professor, Department Soil Scirnce, UAS, GKVK,
Bangalore, for their constant supervision, invaluable guidance and all the facilities
extended during the course of this investigation.
I extend my sincere thanks to DDDDrrrr.... HHHH.... KKKKhhhhaaaaddddhhhhaaaarrrr KKKKhhhhaaaannnn, Professor and head,
Department of Agricultural Entomology and other staff members of the Dept. of
Agricultural Entomology for their help rendered in many ways.
I will never forget the timely help rendered by Dr. C. A. Viraktamath, Emeritus
Scientist, Department of Entomology, UAS, GKVK, Bangalore, Dr. T. M. Musthak
Ali, Professor (Retd), Department of Entomology, UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru, for
providing me the facility in conducting part of my work and helping in specimen
identification.
I remember fondly my parents SSSSrrrriiii RRRRaaaammmmcccchhhhaaaannnnddddrrrraaaa CCCChhhhoooooooorrrriiii ,,,, SSSSmmmmtttt.... KKKKaaaassssttttuuuurrrriiii ,,,, my lovely
brothers SSSSaaaannnnttttoooosssshhhh,,,, RRRRaaaagggghhhhuuuu,,,, RRRRaaaahhhhuuuullll,,,, DDDDiiiinnnneeeesssshhhh aaaannnndddd VVVViiiittttoooobbbbhhhhaaaa sisters PPPPrrrriiiiyyyyaaaa and NNNNeeeehhhhaaaa and all
other family members for their love and affection, encouragement and all the support
both morally and financially.
I wish to remember and never forget in my life the company of affectionate ever
loving friends Swetha, Shivanand, Sanjana, Ashwini, Roopa, Taj, Uma, Lavanya,
Murthy, Manju, and my class mates whose hands were evident at each and every
moment of anxiety and achievements..
I am ever grateful to my senior friends, Narasa Reddy, Shilpa, B.G, Veeresh,
Dharshini, Prabhavati, Girish, Muthuraj, Subhash, Arati, Raiah, Prashanth,
Yashawant, Banu, Rajendra, Sanjay, Muruli, Ajith, Basavaraj, Rashmi, Gracy and my
junior friends Prashanthi, Pavithra, Kavya, Aparna, Syed, Avinash, Kumar, Phatan
for their love, support and encouragement.

Finally I thank all those who are involved in helping me directly or indirectly to
attain this stage.
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July, 2013 (Abhilasha, CR.)
INFLUENCE OF ABIOTIC FACTORS ON SOIL MACRO AND
MESO FAUNAL POPULATION IN ORGANIC FARMING
ECOSYSTEM
Abhilasha, C. R.
Abstract
The present investigation was carried out at the Zonal Agriculture
Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, during
kharif season of 2012. Soil application of 20 tonnes of FYM/ha +
introduction of native fauna recorded significantly higher soil
invertebrates (64.66/400 g soil), collembolans (20.74/400 g soil), total
Acari (36.88/400 g soil), cryptostigmatids (18.11/400 g soil), other Acari
(18.77/400 g soil), other invertebrates (7.44/400 g soil) and
macroarthropods (68.29/trap) compared to other treatments during the
cropping season. The highest population of total soil invertebrates was
noticed at 105 days after germination (70.40/400 g soil). The plot treated
with 12.5t of FYM+75% recommended fertilizer also supported higher soil
mesofaunal population. Application of 20t of FYM ha-1 significantly
increased the Av. Nitrogen (362.55 kg/ha), Av. Phosphorous (74.62
kg/ha), Av. Potassium (259.33 kg/ha), Ex. Calcium (5.50 meq/100g), Ex.
Magnesium (2.80 meq/100g), and microbial biomass carbon (4392.32
µ/g soil), in the soil compared to recommended fertilizer alone applied
and package of practices followed treatment. Higher cobs (5.77/plant),
plant height (146.23 cm) and green cob yield (15.4 t/ha) was observed in
plots treated with 20 t of FYM + native fauna compared to chemical
fertilizers alone (9.62 t/ha) and package of practices followed treatment
(9.68 t/ha). The soil invertebrates exhibited a significant positive relation
with Av. Nitrogen, Av. Phosphorus, Av. Potassium, Ex. Calcium, Ex.
Magnesium and microbial biomass Carbon. Significant negative
relationship existed among the abundance of soil mesofauna and
maximum and minimum temperature of the atmosphere and insitu soil
temperature.

July, 2013 Dr. N. G. Kumar
Department of Agricultural Entomology (Major adviser)
University of Agricultural Sciences,
Bangalore-65
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CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE No.
I INTRODUCTION 1
II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5
III MATERIAL AND METHODS 37
IV RESULTS 46
V DISCUSSION 112
VI SUMMARY 127
VII REFERENCES 130
APPENDIX
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Title
No. No.
Effect of manures and manures plus inorganic fertilizers on
1 21
soil fauna
2 Correlation studies between soil fauna and abiotic factors 35-36
Impact of organic manure and fertilizers on the abundance of
3 soil meso-fauna in baby corn ecosystem during cropping 47
season
Impact of organic manure and fertilizers on the abundance of
4 50
collembola in baby corn ecosystem during cropping season
Impact of organic manure and fertilizers on the abundance of
5 cryptostigmatids in baby corn ecosystem during cropping 53
season
Impact of organic manure and fertilizers on the abundance of
6 55
other Acari in baby corn ecosystem during cropping season
Impact of organic manure and fertilizers on the abundance of
7 57
total Acari in baby corn ecosystem during cropping season
Impact of organic manure and fertilizers on the abundance of
8 soil other invertebrates in baby corn ecosystem during 59
cropping season
Impact of organic manure and fertilizers on the relative
9 61
abundance of soil mesofauna during cropping season
Impact of organic manure and fertilizers on the diversity of soil
10 63
mesofauna during cropping season
Impact of organic manure and fertilizers on the abundance of
11 soil mesofauna in baby corn ecosystem during non-cropping 65
season