Inflammatory Diseases - Immunopathology, Clin., Pharmacol. Bases

408 Pages·2012·11.633 MB·English

by  M. Khatami

INFLAMMATORY DISEASES
– IMMUNOPATHOLOGY,
CLINICAL AND
PHARMACOLOGICAL
BASES

Edited by Mahin Khatami
Inflammatory Diseases – Immunopathology, Clinical and Pharmacological Bases
Edited by Mahin Khatami

Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2012 InTech
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First published February, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Inflammatory Diseases – Immunopathology, Clinical and Pharmacological Bases,
Edited by Mahin Khatami
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-307-911-0

Contents

Preface IX
Part 1 Role of Immune System in Acute
and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases 1
Chapter 1 Dementia – A Complete Literature
Review on Various Mechanisms Involves in
Pathogenesis and an Intracerebroventricular
Streptozotocin Induced Alzheimer’s Disease 3
Sidharth Mehan, Rimpi Arora, Vandana Sehgal,
Deepak Sharma and Garuav Sharma
Chapter 2 Cachexia – The Interplay Between
the Immune System, Brain Control and Metabolism 27
Andrea Stofkova
Chapter 3 Innate Immune System in Sepsis Immunopathogenesis
and Its Modulation as a Future Therapeutic Approach 57
Vijay Kumar
Chapter 4 Psoriasis and Diabetes 83
Ermira Vasili, Migena Vargu, Genc Burazeri,
Katerina Hysa, Elna Cano and Brikena Bezati
Chapter 5 Inflammation and Pulmonary Fibrosis 99
Michael G. Crooks, Imran Aslam and Simon P. Hart
Chapter 6 Inflammation in Age-Related Macular
Degeneration – Implications for Therapy 129
Mei Chen and Heping Xu
Chapter 7 Inflammatory Periprosthetic Bone Loss 151
Sang-Soo Lee, P. Edward Purdue and Ju-Suk Nam
Chapter 8 Acute Appendicitis – Propedeutics and Diagnosis 171
Andy Petroianu
VI Contents

Chapter 9 Neoplastic Pericardial Disease 201
Mitja Letonja
Part 2 Therapeutic Approaches, Markers
Identification and Applications 211
Chapter 10 Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells for Therapy
of Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases 213
Urban Švajger and Borut Štrukelj
Chapter 11 Prohepcidin and Hepcidin in Acute Phase
Reaction Accompanying Large Cardiac Surgery 239
Pavel Maruna, Martin Vokurka and Jaroslav Lindner
Chapter 12 Leukotriene A Hydrolase –
4
An Evolving Therapeutic Target 253
Y. Michael Shim and Mikell Paige
Chapter 13 Relationship Between Protein Oxidation
Markers and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers 279
Silvia Clara Kivatinitz
Chapter 14 Characterization of Acute-Phase Proteins (Apps) 299
Sin Tak Chu and Ying Chu Lee
Chapter 15 Polymerized Type I Collagen Reverts
Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Fibrosis
in a Guinea Pig Asthma Model 319
Blanca Bazán-Perkins, Maria G. Campos
and Edgar Sánchez-Guerrero
Chapter 16 Genetic Variation in Resistance
to Inflammation and Infectious Disease 333
Heng-wei Cheng
Chapter 17 Acute Phase Proteins – Analysis,
Clinical Applications and Potentials 351
Shahabeddin Safi
Chapter 18 Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Oregano
(Origanum vulgare) Essentials Oils Show some
In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Effects Based on
Modifying Adipokine Secretion and Gene
Expression on TNF--Induced Adipocytes 381
A. Ocaña-Fuentes

Preface

In the 19th century, Rudolph Virchow noted that “the signs of inflammation are four;
redness and swelling, with heat and pain“. Since this historical observation, a role for
inflammation in the induction, progression and manifestation of wide range of acute
and chronic inflammatory diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia or major
trauma, many allergies such as asthma, emphysema, ocular and skin allergies, or age-
associated chronic diseases such as neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases, and
many cancers, has been documented in the literature. However, obscure and fuzzy
understanding on the role that acute and chronic (persistent or subclinical,
unresolved) inflammation plays in preventing disease or inducing many potentially
interrelated illnesses has slowed down progress in preventing or treating these chronic
diseases or cancer. For example, continuous controversies and debates in the literature,
on whether inflammation is protective in preventing cancer or it is a risk in
carcinogenesis, have been costly for cancer patients, despite the tremendous public
investment in war against cancer for over four decades. In recent years, acute
inflammation has been defined as an evolutionary inherent property of immune
system, possessing 2 biologically opposing arms, ‘Yin’ (apoptosis, growth-arresting, or
tumoricidal) and ‘Yang’ (wound healing, growth-promoting or tumorigenic),
processes that protect the body against foreign external or internal elements
throughout life. Unresolved inflammation has been further suggested as the loss of
balance between ‘Yin’ and ‘Yang’ that would lead to altered dynamics of immune
responses, expression and co-expression of exaggerated mismatched mediators in the
susceptible tissues, creating immunological chaos (‘immune tsunami’) and damaging
the architectural integrity and function of tissues that are naturally immune-
responsive or immune-privileged, and initiating a wide range of inflammatory
diseases or tumorigenesis (Khatami 2008, 2009, 2011).
In recent years, the interest in multidisciplinary fields of inflammatory diseases has
intensified. Specifically, over the last decades, the number of federally funded projects
and related networks or technologies that focus on the role of inflammation in cancer
research has significantly increased. This book is a collection of comprehensive
reviews contributed by experts in diverse fields of acute and chronic inflammatory
diseases, with emphasis on current pharmacological and therapeutic options.
Interested professionals are also encouraged to review the excellent contributions
X Preface

made by experts in a second book entitled ‘Inflammation, Chronic Diseases and Cancer’,
which deals with immunobiology and clinical perspectives of mechanisms of immune
inflammatory responses in the genesis and progression of a number of inflammatory
diseases and cancers, as well as perspectives for design of clinical trials, therapeutic
approaches, and for diagnosis or prevention of disabling diseases, particularly as
aging population is increasing globally.
Editor is grateful to all contributing authors for developing comprehensive chapters
on multidisciplinary fields of inflammatory diseases. This book is dedicated to the
loving memory of my parents, Kazem and Badri-Zaman Khatami. The invaluable
support and encouragement of the following professionals and friends is greatly
appreciated: John H. Rockey, MD, PhD, mentor/friend and senior colleague at the
University of Pennsylvania, who shaped my early career and who trained me in
experimental models of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases which resulted in the
‘accidental’ discoveries in 1980’s, suggestive of the first evidence for a direct
association between inflammation and tumorigenesis; Edward J. Massaro, PhD, from
the Environmental Agency and Editor in Chief, Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, my
mentor at the State University of New York at Buffalo and a long time colleague and
friend who encouraged me professionally throughout the years; and John H. Bayens,
PhD, Distinguished Professor at the University of South Carolina and long time
colleague who generously supported my work in multidisciplinary fields of
inflammation, diabetes and cancer research. The author also wishes to pay tribute to
the memory of her good friend and colleague Shirin (Shirley) Mirsepassi (Tollouie),
MD, pathologist (1944-2011) whose true friendship and support were above and
beyond the call of duty.
‘There are many mirrors reflecting the light, but though
all the mirrors are shattered, the light will still remain’
Rumi

Mahin Khatami, Ph.D.
Inflammation, Aging and Cancer Research
National Cancer Institute (Retired)
The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda,
USA